{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T01:50:34Z","timestamp":1790387434333,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]],"date-time":"2024-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006366","name":"Ministry of Education, Brazil","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006366","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Brazilian Company of Research and Industrial Innovation","award":["018\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["018\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Bacterial resistance and systemic risks associated with periodontitis underscore the need for novel antimicrobial agents. Cannabis sativa is a promising source of antimicrobial molecules, and cannabidiol (CBD) attracts significant interest. This study evaluated the antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of CBD against periodontopathogens, and assessed its toxicity in vivo model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Antibacterial activity was determined by the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Biofilm inhibition was determined the minimum inhibitory concentration of biofilm (MICB50). Toxicity was assessed using Caeonorhabditis elegans. The periodontopathogens tested were Actinomyces naeslundii (ATCC 19039), Peptostreptococcus anaerobius (ATCC 27337), Veillonella parvula (ATCC 17745), Fusobacterium nucleatum (ATCC 10953), and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (ATCC 43717). CBD exhibited antibacterial effects with MICs of 0.39 to 3.12\u00a0\u00b5g ml\u22121 and MICB50 of 0.39\u00a0\u00b5g ml\u22121 to 1.56\u00a0\u00b5g ml\u22121 against biofilms, without toxicity below 375\u00a0\u00b5g ml\u22121.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results suggest that CBD is a non-toxic product with antibacterial and antibiofilm potential, exhibiting promise as a therapeutic alternative for oral diseases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jambio\/lxae316","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,27]],"date-time":"2024-12-27T23:26:15Z","timestamp":1735341975000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["The antibacterial and antibiofilm role of cannabidiol against periodontopathogenic bacteria"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"136","author":[{"given":"Anna Livia Oliveira","family":"Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Antimicrobial Testing (LEA), Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Universidade Federal de Uberl\u00e2ndia (UFU) , Uberl\u00e2ndia, MG 38405-320 ,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariana Brentini","family":"Santiago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Antimicrobial Testing (LEA), Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Universidade Federal de Uberl\u00e2ndia (UFU) , Uberl\u00e2ndia, MG 38405-320 ,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nagela Bernadelli Sousa","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Antimicrobial Testing (LEA), Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Universidade Federal de Uberl\u00e2ndia (UFU) , Uberl\u00e2ndia, MG 38405-320 ,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara Lemes","family":"Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Antimicrobial Testing (LEA), Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Universidade Federal de Uberl\u00e2ndia (UFU) , Uberl\u00e2ndia, MG 38405-320 ,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joaquim Maur\u00edcio Duarte","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Vegetable Cultivation (LCV), Campus Centro-Oeste Dona Lindu, Federal University of S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o del Rei , Divin\u00f3polis, MG 35501-296 ,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8634-6878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos Henrique Gomes","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Antimicrobial Testing (LEA), Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Universidade Federal de Uberl\u00e2ndia (UFU) , Uberl\u00e2ndia, MG 38405-320 ,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025013014340098400_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3077","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12173077","article-title":"Back to nature: medicinal plants as promising sources for antibacterial drugs in the post-antibiotic era","volume":"12","author":"Abdallah","year":"2023","journal-title":"Plants"},{"key":"2025013014340098400_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6454","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-10393-8","article-title":"Potential cannabidiol (CBD) repurposing as antibacterial and promising therapy of CBD plus polymyxin B (PB) against PB-resistant gram-negative bacilli","volume":"12","author":"Abichabki","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2025013014340098400_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3447","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.7039","article-title":"Medicinal plants: treasure for antiviral drug discovery","volume":"35","author":"Ali","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phytother Res"},{"key":"2025013014340098400_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1021\/np8002673","article-title":"Antibacterial cannabinoids from Cannabis sativa: a structure-activity study","volume":"71","author":"Appendino","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Nat Prod"},{"key":"2025013014340098400_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11020521","article-title":"Improved anti-biofilm effect against the oral cariogenic Streptococcus mutans by combined triclosan\/CBD treatment","volume":"11","author":"Avraham","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"2025013014340098400_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21101321","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory activity of natural products","volume":"21","author":"Azab","year":"2016","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"2025013014340098400_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/cjm-2024-0034","article-title":"Effect of cannabidiol (CBD), a cannabis plant derivative, against Candida albicans growth and biofilm formation","author":"Bahraminia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Can J Microbiol"},{"key":"2025013014340098400_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e06310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2021.e06310","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of medicinal plants against ESKAPE: an update","volume":"7","author":"Bhatia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"2025013014340098400_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-020-01530-y","article-title":"the antimicrobial potential of cannabidiol","volume":"4","author":"Blaskovich","year":"2021","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"key":"2025013014340098400_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2010.00714.x","article-title":"Biofilms in chronic infections\u2014a matter of opportunity\u2014monospecies biofilms in multispecies infections","volume":"59","author":"Burm\u00f8lle","year":"2010","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol"},{"key":"2025013014340098400_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.3390\/ddc3010011","article-title":"Plant-derived natural products: a source for drug discovery and development","volume":"3","author":"Chaachouay","year":"2024","journal-title":"DDC"},{"key":"2025013014340098400_bib12","author":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute","year":"2017"},{"key":"2025013014340098400_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.3390\/jof9090943","article-title":"Alternative non-mammalian animal and cellular methods for the study of host-fungal interactions","volume":"9","author":"Fusco-Almeida","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Fungi"},{"key":"2025013014340098400_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13040342","article-title":"Antibiofilm and immune-modulatory activity of cannabidiol and cannabigerol in oral environments\u2014in vitro study","volume":"13","author":"Garz\u00f3n","year":"2024","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"2025013014340098400_bib15","volume-title":"IHME, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. GBD Results","author":"GBD","year":"2020"},{"key":"2025013014340098400_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2017.11.001","article-title":"Oral pathogenesis of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans","volume":"113","author":"Gholizadeh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"2025013014340098400_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2669","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27092669","article-title":"Cannabis sativa CBD extract shows promising antibacterial activity against Salmonella typhimurium and S. newington","volume":"27","author":"Gildea","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"2025013014340098400_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2463","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.13618","article-title":"Cannabis, from plant to pill","volume":"84","author":"Grof","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brit J Clinical Pharma"},{"key":"2025013014340098400_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2014.11.013","article-title":"Fusobacterium nucleatum: a commensal-turned pathogen","volume":"23","author":"Han","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Opin Microbiol"},{"key":"2025013014340098400_bib44_860_073325","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-5-53","article-title":"High-throughput metal susceptibility testing of microbial biofilms","volume":"5","author":"Harrison","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"2025013014340098400_bib45_903_200925","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2023.113778","article-title":"Oral toxicity evaluation of cannabidiol","volume":"176","author":"Henderson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"key":"2025013014340098400_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.3357","article-title":"The C. elegans model in toxicity testing","volume":"37","author":"Hunt","year":"2017","journal-title":"J of Applied Toxicology"},{"key":"2025013014340098400_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1007\/s40199-019-00319-7","article-title":"The analgesic potential of glycosides derived from medicinal plants","volume":"28","author":"Khan","year":"2020","journal-title":"DARU J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"2025013014340098400_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00324","article-title":"Cannabidiol is a novel modulator of bacterial membrane vesicles","volume":"9","author":"Kosgodage","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"2025013014340098400_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1113\/JP272427","article-title":"From focal sepsis to periodontal medicine: a century of exploring the role of the oral microbiome in systemic disease","volume":"595","author":"Kumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"2025013014340098400_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7216","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26237216","article-title":"Antimicrobial and antiviral (SARS-CoV-2) potential of cannabinoids and cannabis sativa: a comprehensive review","volume":"26","author":"Mahmud","year":"2021","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"2025013014340098400_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2022.124108","article-title":"Validation of analytical method of cannabinoids: novel approach using turbo-extraction","volume":"254","author":"Mano-Sousa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"2025013014340098400_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2023.0124","article-title":"Antimicrobial effect of cannabidiol on intracellular mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"9","author":"Martinena","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research"},{"key":"2025013014340098400_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.9b01285","article-title":"Natural products as sources of new drugs over the nearly four decades from 01\/1981 to 09\/2019","volume":"83","author":"Newman","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Nat Prod"},{"key":"2025013014340098400_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-022-04264-w","article-title":"Medicinal plants used in traditional treatment of malaria in Ethiopia: a review of ethnomedicine, anti-malarial and toxicity studies","volume":"21","author":"Nigussie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"2025013014340098400_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3542","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00345-09","article-title":"Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans builds mutualistic biofilm communities with Fusobacterium nucleatum and Veillonella species in saliva","volume":"77","author":"Periasamy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2025013014340098400_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1007\/s42770-021-00624-x","article-title":"Microbial biofilm: formation, architecture, antibiotic resistance, and control strategies","volume":"52","author":"Rather","year":"2021","journal-title":"Braz J Microbiol"},{"key":"2025013014340098400_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2005.04.025","article-title":"Medicinal plants and antimicrobial activity","volume":"100","author":"R\u00edos","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"2025013014340098400_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cden.2016.11.002","article-title":"Normal oral flora and the oral ecosystem","volume":"61","author":"Samaranayake","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dent Clin North Am"},{"key":"2025013014340098400_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2008.04.022","article-title":"Automating a 96-well microtitre plate model for Staphylococcus aureus biofilms: an approach to screening of natural antimicrobial compounds","volume":"32","author":"Sandberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"2025013014340098400_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2083","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6400","article-title":"Cannabis sativa L. extract and cannabidiol inhibit in vitro mediators of skin inflammation and wound injury: cannabis extract as skin anti-inflammatory agent","volume":"33","author":"Sangiovanni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phytother Res"},{"key":"2025013014340098400_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1177\/15353702231187645","article-title":"Oral microbiota in human health and disease: a perspective","volume":"248","author":"Santacroce","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp Biol Med (Maywood)"},{"key":"2025013014340098400_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymeth.2007.01.006","article-title":"Microtitre plate-based antibacterial assay incorporating resazurin as an indicator of cell growth, and its application in the in vitro antibacterial screening of phytochemicals","volume":"42","author":"Sarker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"2025013014340098400_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00761","DOI":"10.1002\/prp2.761","article-title":"The antimicrobial effect behind Cannabis sativa","volume":"9","author":"Schofs","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacology Res & Perspec"},{"key":"2025013014340098400_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21165","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-24776-4","article-title":"Potential in vitro anti-periodontopathogenic, anti-Chikungunya activities and in vivo toxicity of Brazilian red propolis","volume":"12","author":"Silva","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2025013014340098400_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1863","DOI":"10.4155\/fmc-2017-0096","article-title":"Activity of gallic acid and its ester derivatives in Caenorhabditis elegans and zebrafish (Danio rerio) models","volume":"9","author":"Singulani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Future Med Chem"},{"key":"2025013014340098400_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.13264","article-title":"Adjunctive effect of systemic antimicrobials in periodontitis therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"47","author":"Teughels","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clinic Periodontology"},{"key":"2025013014340098400_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12732","article-title":"Impact of the global burden of periodontal diseases on health, nutrition and wellbeing of mankind: a call for global action","volume":"44","author":"Tonetti","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clinic Periodontology"},{"key":"2025013014340098400_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2019.104585","article-title":"Potential antibacterial and anti-halitosis activity of medicinal plants against oral bacteria","volume":"110","author":"Veloso","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch Oral Biol"},{"key":"2025013014340098400_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkl120","article-title":"Effect of MUC7 peptides on the growth of bacteria and on Streptococcus mutans biofilm","volume":"57","author":"Wei","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"}],"container-title":["Journal of Applied Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jambio\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jambio\/lxae316\/61297415\/lxae316.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jambio\/article-pdf\/136\/1\/lxae316\/61297415\/lxae316.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jambio\/article-pdf\/136\/1\/lxae316\/61297415\/lxae316.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]],"date-time":"2025-01-30T09:34:12Z","timestamp":1738229652000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jambio\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/jambio\/lxae316\/7934962"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jambio\/lxae316","relation":{},"ISSN":["1365-2672"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1365-2672","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]]},"article-number":"lxae316"}}