{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T16:06:06Z","timestamp":1783181166416,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]],"date-time":"2025-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736985600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"Major Program of Heilongjiang Province of China","award":["2021ZX12B08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021ZX12B08"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Bacillus subtilis supplementation on the health of weaned piglets and whether B. subtilis supplementation can reduce the damage of piglets induced by ETEC K88.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The experiment was designed with a 2\u00a0\u00d7\u00a02 factorial arrangement, comprising the control group, B. subtilis (PRO) group, Escherichia coli K88 (ETEC) group, and B. subtilis\u00a0+\u00a0ETEC (PRO\u00a0+\u00a0ETEC) group. Regardless of the presence of ETEC, the addition of PRO increased the piglets\u2019 final body weight, average daily gain, and daily feed intake. Additionally, PRO primarily achieves a reduction in heat-stable enterotoxin (ST) levels, suppresses the expression of NF-\u03baB, TLR4, and MyD88 mRNA in the jejunum and ileum, lowers pro-inflammatory factors in the blood and small intestine, enhances the expression of tight junction proteins in the small intestine, improves the composition of the colonic microbiota, increases colonic short-chain fatty acid contents, thereby alleviating diarrhea and mitigating bodily damage caused by ETEC K88 infection.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The addition of B. subtilis MZ-01 alleviated ETEC K88-induced piglet diarrhea by reducing ST levels, decreasing pro-inflammatory factors in the blood and intestine, and enhancing the intestinal barrier and tight junction proteins.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jambio\/lxaf018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]],"date-time":"2025-01-17T05:21:16Z","timestamp":1737091276000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["<i>Bacillus subtilis<\/i> MZ-01 alleviates diarrhea caused by ETEC K88 by reducing inflammation and promoting intestinal health"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"136","author":[{"given":"Jianwei","family":"Qin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University , Changjiang Road, Harbin, 150030 ,","place":["PR China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University , Changjiang Road, Harbin, 150030 ,","place":["PR China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingming","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University , Changjiang Road, Harbin, 150030 ,","place":["PR China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University , Changjiang Road, Harbin, 150030 ,","place":["PR China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guangdong","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University , Changjiang Road, Harbin, 150030 ,","place":["PR China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8560-4564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Baoming","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University , Changjiang Road, Harbin, 150030 ,","place":["PR China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025030419364404700_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-018-1704-9","article-title":"Intestinal microbiota mediates enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli-induced diarrhea in piglets","volume":"14","author":"Bin","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"2025030419364404700_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.10.003","article-title":"Brain-gut interactions in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"144","author":"Bonaz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"2025030419364404700_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.43.2.196","article-title":"Bromelain protects piglets from diarrhoea caused by oral challenge with K88 positive enterotoxigenic Esch e richia coli","volume":"43","author":"Chandler","year":"1998","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"2025030419364404700_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109054","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109054","article-title":"Effects of niacin on intestinal epithelial barrier, intestinal immunity, and microbial community in weaned piglets challenged by PDCoV","volume":"111","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"2025030419364404700_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-019-0157-3","article-title":"The role of short-chain fatty acids in microbiota\u2013gut\u2013brain communication","volume":"16","author":"Dalile","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"2025030419364404700_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1186\/s13568-020-01150-z","article-title":"Effects of Bacillus subtilis on growth performance, serum parameters, digestive enzyme, intestinal morphology, and colonic microbiota in piglets","volume":"10","author":"Deng","year":"2020","journal-title":"AMB Expr"},{"key":"2025030419364404700_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5837","DOI":"10.1039\/d1fo00208b","article-title":"Dietary supplementation with Bacillus subtilis and xylo-oligosaccharides improves growth performance and intestinal morphology and alters intestinal microbiota and metabolites in weaned piglets","volume":"12","author":"Ding","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Funct"},{"key":"2025030419364404700_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e169851","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0169851","article-title":"Characterisation of early-life fecal microbiota in susceptible and healthy pigs to post-weaning diarrhoea","volume":"12","author":"Dou","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025030419364404700_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e180190","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0180190","article-title":"Differing roles for short chain fatty acids and GPR43 agonism in the regulation of intestinal barrier function and immune responses","volume":"12","author":"DSouza","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025030419364404700_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01248","article-title":"A newly isolated Baci l lus subtilis strain named WS-1 inhibited diarrhea and death caused by pathogenic Escherichia coli in newborn piglets","volume":"10","author":"Du","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2025030419364404700_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2008.03.004","article-title":"Ecology and genomics of Bacillus subtilis","volume":"16","author":"Earl","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"2025030419364404700_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2009.10.002","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection","volume":"12","author":"Fleckenstein","year":"2010","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"key":"2025030419364404700_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-019-0665-x","article-title":"Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infections","volume":"21","author":"Fleckenstein","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Infect Dis Rep"},{"key":"2025030419364404700_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1363.019","article-title":"Oxidative reactive species in cell injury: mechanisms in diabetes mellitus and therapeutic approaches","volume":"1066","author":"Fridlyand","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann NY Acad Sci"},{"key":"2025030419364404700_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2017.05.004","article-title":"Gut microbiota dysbiosis in postweaning piglets: understanding the keys to health","volume":"25","author":"Gresse","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"2025030419364404700_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.2013.13744","article-title":"Bacillus subtilis protects porcine intestinal barrier from deoxynivalenol via improved zonula occludens-1 expression","volume":"27","author":"Gu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asian Australas J Anim Sci"},{"key":"2025030419364404700_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853797","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.853797","article-title":"Increase dietary Fiber intake ameliorates cecal morphology and drives cecal species-specific of short-chain fatty acids in white Pekin ducks","volume":"13","author":"Hao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2025030419364404700_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-020-00498-3","article-title":"Dietary Bacillus spp. enhanced growth and disease resistance of weaned pigs by modulating intestinal microbiota and systemic immunity","volume":"11","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Animal Sci Biotechnol"},{"key":"2025030419364404700_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5241","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.66.12.5241-5247.2000","article-title":"Characterization of Bacillus species used for oral bacteriotherapy and bacterioprophylaxis of gastrointestinal disorders","volume":"66","author":"Hoa","year":"2000","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"2025030419364404700_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.femsre.2004.12.001","article-title":"The use of bacterial spore formers as probiotics: table 1","volume":"29","author":"Hong","year":"2005","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"2025030419364404700_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12030316","article-title":"Effect of Bacillus subtilis C-3102 spores as a probiotic feed supplement on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, diarrhea score, intestinal microbiota, and excreta odor contents in weanling piglets","volume":"12","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"2025030419364404700_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-016-1223-z","article-title":"Effects of intrauterine growth retardation and Bacillus subtilis PB6 supplementation on growth performance, intestinal development and immune function of piglets during the suckling period","volume":"56","author":"Hu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr"},{"key":"2025030419364404700_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"922136","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.922136","article-title":"Isolation, identification, and function of Rhodotorula mucilaginosa TZR2014 and its effects on the growth and health of weaned piglets","volume":"13","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2025030419364404700_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2016.05.016","article-title":"Identification of new heat-stable (STa) enterotoxin allele variants produced by human enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC)","volume":"306","author":"Joffr\u00e9","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"2025030419364404700_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1530\/rep.0.1260517","article-title":"Energy metabolism and intracellular pH in boar spermatozoa","volume":"126","author":"Kamp","year":"2003","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"2025030419364404700_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3050","article-title":"The abundance and variety of carbohydrate-active enzymes in the human gut microbiota","volume":"11","author":"Kaoutari","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"2025030419364404700_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro818","article-title":"Pathogenic Escherichia coli","volume":"2","author":"Kaper","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"2025030419364404700_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-019-0364-3","article-title":"Dietary supplementation of Bacillus subtilis influenced intestinal health of weaned pigs experimentally infected with a pathogenic E. coli","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Animal Sci Biotechnol"},{"key":"2025030419364404700_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885253","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.885253","article-title":"Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection of weaned pigs: intestinal challenges and nutritional intervention to enhance disease resistance","volume":"13","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2025030419364404700_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2019.03.008","article-title":"Bacillus subtilis","volume":"27","author":"Kov\u00e1cs","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"2025030419364404700_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2007.03633.x","article-title":"Germination and outgrowth of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis spores in the gastrointestinal tract of pigs","volume":"104","author":"Leser","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"2025030419364404700_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104603","article-title":"Oxyberberine, a novel gut microbiota-mediated metabolite of berberine, possesses superior anti-colitis effect: impact on intestinal epithelial barrier, gut microbiota profile and TLR4-MyD88-NF-\u03bab pathway","volume":"152","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"2025030419364404700_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771826","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.771826","article-title":"Clostridium butyricum alleviates enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K88-induced oxidative damage through regulating the p62-Keap1-Nrf2 signaling pathway and remodeling the cecal microbial community","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2025030419364404700_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-021-02143-z","article-title":"Effects of Clostridium butyricum on growth performance, metabonomics and intestinal microbial differences of weaned piglets","volume":"21","author":"Liang","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"2025030419364404700_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pew347","article-title":"Efficacy of Bacillus subtilis and bacitracin methylene disalicylate on growth performance, digestibility, blood metabolites, immunity, and intestinal microbiota after intramuscular inoculation with Esch e richia coli in broilers","volume":"96","author":"Manafi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"2025030419364404700_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.13690","article-title":"Bacillus probiotics: an alternative to antibiotics for livestock production","volume":"124","author":"Mingmongkolchai","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"2025030419364404700_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"964564","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.964564","article-title":"Dietary forage to concentrate ratios impact on yak ruminal microbiota and metabolites","volume":"13","author":"Pang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2025030419364404700_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2215","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-148-7-2215","article-title":"Inhibition of Escherichia coli growth by acetic acid: a problem with methionine biosynthesis and homocysteine toxicity","volume":"148","author":"Roe","year":"2002","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"2025030419364404700_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1177\/030098588702400112","article-title":"Effects of Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin b on small intestinal villi in pigs, rabbits, and lambs","volume":"24","author":"Rose","year":"1987","journal-title":"Vet Pathol"},{"key":"2025030419364404700_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2011.05.021","article-title":"Effect of supplementation of Bacillus subtilis LS 1\u20132 to broiler diets on growth performance, nutrient retention, caecal microbiology and small intestinal morphology","volume":"93","author":"Sen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"key":"2025030419364404700_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.15.0478","article-title":"Effect of Bacillus subtilis natto on meat quality and skatole content in TOPIGS pigs","volume":"29","author":"Sheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asian Australas J Anim Sci"},{"key":"2025030419364404700_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"883107","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.883107","article-title":"The role of probiotics in alleviating postweaning diarrhea in piglets from the perspective of intestinal barriers","volume":"12","author":"Su","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"2025030419364404700_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0125721","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01257-21","article-title":"A novel probiotic B a cillus subtilis strain confers cytoprotection to host pig intestinal epithelial cells during enterotoxic Escherichia coli infection","volume":"10","author":"Sudan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"2025030419364404700_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2017.10.001","article-title":"Intestinal challenge with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in pigs, and nutritional intervention to prevent postweaning diarrhea","volume":"3","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Animal Nutrition"},{"key":"2025030419364404700_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13357","DOI":"10.1111\/asj.13357","article-title":"Regulation of the intestinal barrier by nutrients: the role of tight junctions","volume":"91","author":"Suzuki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anim Sci J"},{"key":"2025030419364404700_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2125","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skz090","article-title":"Effects of Baci l lus subtilis DSM32315 supplementation and dietary crude protein level on performance, gut barrier function and microbiota profile in weaned piglets1","volume":"97","author":"Tang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"2025030419364404700_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2022.10.009","article-title":"Glucose supplementation improves intestinal amino acid transport and muscle amino acid pool in pigs during chronic cold exposure","volume":"12","author":"Teng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Animal Nutrition"},{"key":"2025030419364404700_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600772","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.600772","article-title":"Dietary supplementation with Bacillus subtilis promotes growth and gut health of weaned piglets","volume":"7","author":"Tian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"2025030419364404700_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6194","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-33291-z","article-title":"Dietary micro-fibrillated cellulose improves growth, reduces diarrhea, modulates gut microbiota, and increases butyrate production in post-weaning piglets","volume":"13","author":"Uddin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2025030419364404700_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11010024","article-title":"Heat-stable enterotoxins of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and their impact on host immunity","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"2025030419364404700_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921613","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.921613","article-title":"Eugenol alleviates transmissible gastroenteritis virus-induced intestinal epithelial injury by regulating NF-\u03bab signaling pathway","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2025030419364404700_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"994151","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.994151","article-title":"Effects of glucose oxidase on growth performance, clinical symptoms, serum parameters, and intestinal health in piglets challenged by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2025030419364404700_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-022-00696-1","article-title":"Donor age and body weight determine the effects of fecal microbiota transplantation on growth performance, and fecal microbiota development in recipient pigs","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Animal Sci Biotechnol"},{"key":"2025030419364404700_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.B2200674","article-title":"Engineered B a cillus subtilis alleviates intestinal oxidative injury through Nrf2-Keap1 pathway in enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) K88-infected piglet","volume":"24","author":"Wen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Zhejiang Univ Sci B"},{"key":"2025030419364404700_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-023-01734-4","article-title":"Gut microbiota-derived LCA mediates the protective effect of PEDV infection in piglets","volume":"12","author":"Xing","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"2025030419364404700_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2019.00046","article-title":"Nutritional intervention for the intestinal development and health of weaned pigs","volume":"6","author":"Xiong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"2025030419364404700_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"skab255","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skab255","article-title":"Effects of Bacillus su b tilis on jejunal integrity, redox status, and microbial composition of intrauterine growth restriction suckling piglets","volume":"99","author":"Yun","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"2025030419364404700_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-022-00812-1","article-title":"Dietary epimedium extract supplementation improves intestinal functions and alters gut microbiota in broilers","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Animal Sci Biotechnol"},{"key":"2025030419364404700_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2007.02.018","article-title":"Prevalence of virulence genes in Escherichia coli strains recently isolated from young pigs with diarrhea in the US","volume":"123","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"2025030419364404700_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2055943","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2022.2055943","article-title":"Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli: intestinal pathogenesis mechanisms and colonization resistance by gut microbiota","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"2025030419364404700_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-022-01303-1","article-title":"Host-microbiota interaction-mediated resistance to inflammatory bowel disease in pigs","volume":"10","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"2025030419364404700_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.3324","article-title":"Heat-stable enterotoxin inhibits intestinal stem cell expansion to disrupt the intestinal integrity by downregulating the wnt\/beta-catenin pathway","volume":"39","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"2025030419364404700_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.animal.2022.100474","article-title":"Bacillus su b tilis inhibits intestinal inflammation and oxidative stress by regulating gut flora and related metabolites in laying hens","volume":"16","author":"Zou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Animal"}],"container-title":["Journal of Applied Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jambio\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jambio\/lxaf018\/61467048\/lxaf018.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jambio\/article-pdf\/136\/2\/lxaf018\/61467048\/lxaf018.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jambio\/article-pdf\/136\/2\/lxaf018\/61467048\/lxaf018.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T21:09:00Z","timestamp":1741122540000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jambio\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/jambio\/lxaf018\/7959004"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jambio\/lxaf018","relation":{},"ISSN":["1365-2672"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1365-2672","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]]},"article-number":"lxaf018"}}