{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T10:30:16Z","timestamp":1780569016590,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":113,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014809","name":"Technology Agency of the Czech Republic","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TK02010169"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TK02010169"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study evaluates the effectiveness of two standard sterilization methods on microorganisms in bentonite, which is proposed as a buffer around metal canisters containing long-lived radioactive waste. Bentonite, as a natural clay, contains microorganisms with enhanced resistance to harsh conditions and the ability to reactivate upon decompaction. Sterile controls are crucial in experiments estimating the impact of microorganisms on nuclear waste repositories. Yet, the effectiveness of common sterilization methods on bentonite microorganisms has not been fully evaluated.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Two methods were compared: dry heat (nine cycles at 121\u00b0C for 4 h) and gamma irradiation (10\u2013140 kGy at 147 Gy\u00b7min\u22121). Molecular-genetic, microscopic, and cultivation techniques were used to assess sterilization. Heat sterilization did not eliminate heat-resistant microorganisms, such as Bacillus, Paenibacillus, and Terribacillus, from bentonite powder even after nine heat cycles. However, bentonite suspended in deionized water was sterile after four heat cycles. In contrast, gamma irradiation effectively reduced microbial survivability above a dose of 10 kGy, with the highest doses (100\u2013140 kGy) potentially degrading DNA.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Gamma irradiation at 30 kGy effectively sterilized bentonite powder. The findings of our experiments emphasize the importance of using appropriate sterilization methods to maintain sterile controls in experiments that evaluate the microbial impacts in nuclear waste repositories. However, further assessment is needed to determine the effects of potential alterations induced by gamma radiation on bentonite properties.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jambio\/lxaf051","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,5]],"date-time":"2025-03-05T17:38:46Z","timestamp":1741196326000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Bentonite sterilization methods in relation to geological disposal of radioactive waste: comparative efficiency of dry heat and gamma radiation"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"136","author":[{"given":"Deepa","family":"Bartak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec , Bendlova 7, 460 01 Liberec ,","place":["Czech Republic"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jakub","family":"\u0158\u00edha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec , Bendlova 7, 460 01 Liberec ,","place":["Czech Republic"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denis","family":"Dud\u00e1\u0161","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague , B\u0159ehov\u00e1 78\/7, 115 19 Prague ,","place":["Czech Republic"]},{"name":"Research and Development Department, UJP PRAHA a.s. , Nad Kam\u00ednkou 1345, 156 00 Prague ,","place":["Czech Republic"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petr","family":"Gallus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development Department, UJP PRAHA a.s. , Nad Kam\u00ednkou 1345, 156 00 Prague ,","place":["Czech Republic"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Bedrn\u00edkov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Disposal Processes and Safety, \u00daJV \u0158e\u017e, a. s. , Hlavn\u00ed 130, 250 68 Husinec ,","place":["Czech Republic"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vlastislav","family":"Ka\u0161par","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Disposal Processes and Safety, \u00daJV \u0158e\u017e, a. s. , Hlavn\u00ed 130, 250 68 Husinec ,","place":["Czech Republic"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3351-6372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kate\u0159ina","family":"\u010cern\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec , Bendlova 7, 460 01 Liberec ,","place":["Czech Republic"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clay.2008.07.032","article-title":"Radiation effects on clay mineral properties","volume":"43","author":"Allard","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl Clay Sci"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemgeo.2008.01.003","article-title":"Effects of gamma-sterilization on the physico-chemical properties of natural sediments","volume":"251","author":"Bank","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem Geol"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-023-03849-0","article-title":"Survivability and proliferation of microorganisms in bentonite with implication to radioactive waste geological disposal: strong effect of temperature and negligible effect of pressure","volume":"40","author":"Bartak","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-024-04069-w","article-title":"Dramatic loss of microbial viability in bentonite exposed to heat and gamma radiation: implications for deep geological repository","volume":"40","author":"Bartak","year":"2024","journal-title":"World J Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1139\/cjm-2021-0225","article-title":"Microbiology of barrier component analogues of a deep geological repository","volume":"68","author":"Beaver","year":"2022","journal-title":"Can J Microbiol"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib6","volume-title":"Microbial Sulphide-Producing Activity in MX-80 Bentonite at 1750 and 2000 Kg M\u20133 Wet Density","author":"Bengtsson","year":"2015"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/s13213-010-0017-4","article-title":"Detection of viable but non cultivable Escherichia coli after UV irradiation using a lytic Q\u03b2 phage","volume":"60","author":"Ben\u00a0Said","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Microbiol"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2389.2008.01016.x","article-title":"Effect of gamma-sterilization and autoclaving on soil organic matter structure as studied by solid state NMR, UV and fluorescence spectroscopy","volume":"59","author":"Berns","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Soil Sci"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.7897\/2321-6328.01222","article-title":"A review: steam sterilization a method of sterilization","volume":"1","author":"Bhana","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Biol Sci Opin"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-100642-9.00012-8","article-title":"12-Bentonite buffer: macroscopic performance from nanoscale properties","volume-title":"Geological Repository Systems for Safe Disposal of Spent Nuclear Fuels and Radioactive Waste (Second Edition)","author":"Birgersson","year":"2017"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-018-0470-z","article-title":"Optimizing taxonomic classification of marker-gene amplicon sequences with QIIME 2\u2019s q2-feature-classifier plugin","volume":"6","author":"Bokulich","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-019-0209-9","article-title":"Reproducible, interactive, scalable and extensible microbiome data science using QIIME 2","volume":"37","author":"Bolyen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4014","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00590-15","article-title":"the impact of gamma radiation on sediment microbial processes","volume":"81","author":"Brown","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microb"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib14","article-title":"The Impact of Ionizing Radiation on Microbial Cells Pertinent to the Storage, Disposal and Remediation of Radioactive Waste","author":"Brown","year":"2017"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/0038-0717(81)90036-5","article-title":"Biochemical activities in peat sterilized by gamma-irradiation","volume":"13","author":"Brown","year":"1981","journal-title":"Soil Biol Biochem"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3869","article-title":"DADA2: high resolution sample inference from Illumina amplicon data","volume":"13","author":"Callahan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2022.110102","article-title":"Study on the uranium (U(VI)) adsorption stability of high-dose \u03b3-ray-irradiated clay","volume":"181","author":"Cheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl Radiat Isot"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e200","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkq873","article-title":"Comparison of two next-generation sequencing technologies for resolving highly complex microbiota composition using tandem variable 16S rRNA gene regions","volume":"38","author":"Claesson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e48558","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0048558","article-title":"Detection of bacterial 16S rRNA and identification of four clinically important bacteria by real-time PCR","volume":"7","author":"Clifford","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4209","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0636762100","article-title":"A soluble protein is immobile in dormant spores of Bacillus subtilis but is mobile in germinated spores: implications for spore dormancy","volume":"100","author":"Cowan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib22","first-page":"99","article-title":"Effects of steam sterilization on soil abiotic and biotic properties","volume":"92","author":"Dietrich","year":"2020","journal-title":"Soil Org"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib23","article-title":"Production, consumption and transport of gases in deep geological repositories according to the Swiss disposal concept","author":"Diomidis","year":"2016"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-8-125","article-title":"Evaluation of the bacterial diversity in the feces of cattle using 16S rDNA bacterial tag-encoded FLX amplicon pyrosequencing (bTEFAP)","volume":"8","author":"Dowd","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00334","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00334-19","article-title":"Validating DNA extraction protocols for bentonite clay","volume":"4","author":"Engel","year":"2019","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-017-0968-0","article-title":"The use of degenerate primers in qPCR analysis of functional genes can cause dramatic quantification bias as revealed by investigation of nifH primer performance","volume":"74","author":"Gaby","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microb Ecol"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1007\/s10967-012-1638-9","article-title":"Effect of gamma-irradiation on adsorption properties of Slovak bentonites","volume":"292","author":"Galambo\u0161","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Radioanal Nucl Chem"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C633","DOI":"10.1149\/2.0271610jes","article-title":"Efficacy of sterilization methods and their influence on the electrochemical behavior of plain carbon steel","volume":"163","author":"Giai","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Electrochem Soc"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106039","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clay.2021.106039","article-title":"An indigenous iron-reducing microbial community from MX80 bentonite\u2014a study in the framework of nuclear waste disposal","volume":"205","author":"Gilmour","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl Clay Sci"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152660","article-title":"Survival and activity of an indigenous iron-reducing microbial community from MX80 bentonite in high temperature \/low water environments with relevance to a proposed method of nuclear waste disposal","volume":"814","author":"Gilmour","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"fuae001","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuae001","article-title":"Radioactive waste microbiology: predicting microbial survival and activity in changing extreme environments","volume":"48","author":"Gregory","year":"2024","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2355","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10122355","article-title":"Bacillales: from taxonomy to biotechnological and industrial perspectives","volume":"10","author":"Harirchi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib33","volume-title":"S\u00daRAO Technical Report 309\/2018: Summary of the Research of Czech Bentonites for Use in the Deep Geological Repository\u2014Up to 2018","author":"Hausmannov\u00e1","year":"2018"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib34","volume-title":"Research Support for the Safety Assessment of the Deep Geological Repository Final Report","author":"Havlov\u00e1","year":"2020"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemgeo.2018.10.004","article-title":"Response of bentonite microbial communities to stresses relevant to geodisposal of radioactive waste","volume":"501","author":"Haynes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem Geol"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibiod.2009.06.003","article-title":"Role of iron-reducing bacteria in corrosion and protection of carbon steel","volume":"63","author":"Herrera","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int Biodeterior Biodegrad"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2138","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02138","article-title":"Escherichia coli cells exposed to lethal doses of electron beam irradiation retain their ability to propagate bacteriophages and are metabolically active","volume":"9","author":"Hieke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106809","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clay.2022.106809","article-title":"A protocol for the extraction of viable bacteria for identification of bacterial communities in bentonite","volume":"232","author":"Hlavackova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl Clay Sci"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radphyschem.2011.10.009","article-title":"Influence of \u03b3-radiation on the reactivity of montmorillonite towards H2O2","volume":"81","author":"Holmboe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Radiat Phys Chem"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib40","volume-title":"Effect of Gamma-Irradiation on the Redox States of the Structural Iron in Bentonite Clay","author":"Holmboe","year":"2023"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib41","volume-title":"Classification of Radioactive Waste: General Safety Guide","author":"IAEA","year":"2009"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1745","article-title":"Feast and famine\u2014Microbial life in the deep-sea bed","volume":"5","author":"J\u00f8rgensen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Rev Micro"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-71621-9_9","article-title":"Sterilisation by irradiation","volume-title":"Essentials of Tissue and Cells Banking","author":"Kaminski","year":"2021"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1086823","article-title":"Extending the upper temperature limit for life","volume":"301","author":"Kashefi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.3390\/min11090965","article-title":"Geochemical, geotechnical, and microbiological changes in Mg\/Ca bentonite after thermal loading at 150\u00b0C","volume":"11","author":"Ka\u0161par","year":"2021","journal-title":"Minerals"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib46","first-page":"103","article-title":"Sterilization of suspended sediments by gamma radiation","volume":"5","author":"Keulder","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Limnol Soc South Afr"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1093245","article-title":"Role of microbes in the smectite-to-illite reaction","volume":"303","author":"Kim","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D1531","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkac803","article-title":"MediaDive: the expert-curated cultivation media database","volume":"51","author":"Koblitz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.13600","article-title":"Incorporating germination-induction into decontamination strategies for bacterial spores","volume":"124","author":"Kohler","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib50","volume-title":"State-of-the-art Study of Foreign Concepts of Engineered Elements in DGR","author":"Kumpulainen","year":"2022"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2018.06.073","article-title":"Soil sterilisation methods for use in OECD 106: how effective are they?","volume":"209","author":"Lees","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.125883","article-title":"The effects of hydraulic\/pneumatic fracturing-enhanced remediation (FRAC-IN) at a site contaminated by chlorinated ethenes: a case study","volume":"417","author":"Lhotsk\u00fd","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pce.2011.10.010","article-title":"Molecular hydrogen: an abundant energy source for bacterial activity in nuclear waste repositories","volume":"36","author":"Libert","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys Chem Earth A B C"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioelechem.2013.10.001","article-title":"Impact of microbial activity on the radioactive waste disposal: long term prediction of biocorrosion processes","volume":"97","author":"Libert","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioelectrochemistry"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.petrol.2014.07.030","article-title":"A study on the microbial community structure in oil reservoirs developed by water flooding","volume":"122","author":"Lin","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Pet Sci Eng"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clay.2017.12.034","article-title":"Microbial community changes induced by uranyl nitrate in bentonite clay microcosms","volume":"160","author":"Lopez-Fernandez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl Clay Sci"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioelechem.2021.107883","article-title":"Microbiologically influenced corrosion inhibition mechanisms in corrosion protection: a review","volume":"141","author":"Lou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioelectrochemistry"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib58","article-title":"Characterization of the Radiation and Heat Resistance of the Natural Microbial Population in Buffer Materials and Selected Pure Cultures","author":"Lucht","year":"1996"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeochem.2014.12.013","article-title":"Characterization of natural organic matter in bentonite clays for potential use in deep geological repositories for used nuclear fuel","volume":"54","author":"Marshall","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl Geochem"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6344222","article-title":"Surviving heat shock and other stresses","volume":"221","author":"Marx","year":"1983","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clay.2008.07.002","article-title":"Evidence of indigenous sulphate-reducing bacteria in commercial wyoming bentonite MX-80","volume":"47","author":"Masurat","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl Clay Sci"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clay.2009.01.004","article-title":"Microbial sulphide production in compacted wyoming bentonite MX-80 under in situ conditions relevant to a repository for high-level radioactive waste","volume":"47","author":"Masurat","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl Clay Sci"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10514","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b02670","article-title":"The year-long development of microorganisms in uncompacted Bavarian bentonite slurries at 30 and 60\u00b0C","volume":"53","author":"Matschiavelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e61217","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061217","article-title":"Phyloseq: an R package for reproducible interactive analysis and graphics of microbiome census data","volume":"8","author":"McMurdie","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/S0929-1393(03)00073-8","article-title":"Effects of acute gamma irradiation on chemical, physical and biological properties of soils","volume":"24","author":"McNamara","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl Soil Ecol"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70047","DOI":"10.1111\/1758-2229.70047","article-title":"Comparing the effectiveness of different DNA extraction methods in MX-80 bentonite","volume":"16","author":"Mijnendonckx","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ Microbiol Rep"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1134\/S0003683810010011","article-title":"Extremophilic microorganisms: biochemical adaptation and biotechnological application (review)","volume":"46","author":"Morozkina","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl Biochem Microbiol"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib68","first-page":"411","article-title":"The heat resistance of bacterial spores at various water activities","volume":"43","author":"Murrell","year":"1966","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib69","first-page":"244","article-title":"Inactivation of Bacillus anthracis by gamma irradiation","volume":"14","author":"Natalia","year":"2009","journal-title":"Indones J Anim Vet Sci"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2017.06.100","article-title":"Stratification of chlorinated ethenes natural attenuation in an alluvial aquifer assessed by hydrochemical and biomolecular tools","volume":"184","author":"N\u011bme\u010dek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib71","volume-title":"Engineered Barrier Systems and the Safety of Deep Geological Repositories: State-of-the-art Report","author":"OECD and Nuclear Energy Agency.","year":"2003"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1080\/0035919X.2017.1357056","article-title":"Clayey minerals and clayey soils as possible microorganism repositories","volume":"73","author":"Okereafor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trans R Soc S Afr"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"fiy189","DOI":"10.1093\/femsec\/fiy189","article-title":"Sterilization impacts on marine sediment-are we able to inactivate microorganisms in environmental samples?","volume":"94","author":"Otte","year":"2018","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Ecol"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnucene.2020.103419","article-title":"A comparative study on native and gamma irradiated bentonite for cesium ion uptake","volume":"127","author":"Parab","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prog Nucl Energy"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.2000.01212.x","article-title":"Mixing and sulphate-reducing activity of bacteria in swelling, compacted bentonite clay under high-level radioactive waste repository conditions","volume":"89","author":"Pedersen","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6941.2012.01434.x","article-title":"Influence of H2 and O2 on sulphate-reducing activity of a subterranean community and the coupled response in redox potential","volume":"82","author":"Pedersen","year":"2012","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Ecol"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2012.05.007","article-title":"Cultivation of unculturable soil bacteria","volume":"30","author":"Pham","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-1317(03)00103-0","article-title":"Alteration of clay minerals\u2014gamma-irradiation effects on physicochemical properties","volume":"23","author":"Pl\u00f6tze","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl Clay Sci"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib80","volume-title":"Safety Evaluation for a KBS-3H Spent Nuclear Fuel Repository at Olkiluoto\u2014Features, Events and Processes","author":"Posiva Oy.","year":"2017"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.124600","article-title":"Deciphering indigenous bacteria in compacted bentonite through a novel and efficient DNA extraction method: insights into biogeochemical processes within the deep geological disposal of nuclear waste concept","volume":"408","author":"Povedano-Priego","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D590","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks1219","article-title":"The SILVA ribosomal RNA gene database project: improved data processing and web-based tools","volume":"41","author":"Quast","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5225","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.9.5225-5235.2005","article-title":"Extensive diversity of ionizing-radiation-resistant bacteria recovered from Sonoran Desert soil and description of nine new species of the genus Deinococcus obtained from a single soil sample","volume":"71","author":"Rainey","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microb"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib84","article-title":"The microbial processes affecting the integrity of copper canister in repository","volume-title":"2nd Copper Corrosion Seminar, Espoo","author":"Rajala"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib85","volume-title":"Microbial Activity in Bentonite Buffers. Literature Study","author":"Ratto","year":"2012"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2013.5489","article-title":"Effects of ionizing radiation on biological molecules\u2014mechanisms of damage and emerging methods of detection","volume":"21","author":"Reisz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antioxid Redox Signal"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1346\/CCMN.2013.0610601","article-title":"the use of clay as an engineered barrier in radioactive-waste management a review","volume":"61","author":"Sellin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clays Clay Miner"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.TBS-0003-2012","article-title":"Spore resistance properties","volume":"2","author":"Setlow","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.151861","article-title":"the effect of low-pH concrete on microbial community development in bentonite suspensions as a model for microbial activity prediction in future nuclear waste repository","volume":"808","author":"Shrestha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149539","article-title":"Anaerobic microbial corrosion of carbon steel under conditions relevant for deep geological repository of nuclear waste","volume":"800","author":"Shrestha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.17221\/86\/2009-PSE","article-title":"Evaluation of effect of different sterilization methods on soil biomass phosphorus extracted with NaHCO3","volume":"56","author":"Sinegani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Plant Soil Environ"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib92","volume-title":"Buffer, Backfill and Closure Process Report for the Safety Assessment SR-Site","author":"SKB","year":"2010"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib93","volume-title":"Design and Production of the KBS-3 Repository","author":"SKB.","year":"2010"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib94","volume-title":"Post-closure Safety for a Proposed Repository Concept for SFL\u2014Main Report for the Safety Evaluation SE-SFL","author":"SKB","year":"2019"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2069","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.63299-0","article-title":"Thermincola carboxydiphila gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel anaerobic, carboxydotrophic, hydrogenogenic bacterium from a hot spring of the Lake Baikal area","volume":"55","author":"Sokolova","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Syst Evol Microbiol"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-30120-9_364","article-title":"the emended Family peptococcaceae and description of the families desulfitobacteriaceae, desulfotomaculaceae, and thermincolaceae","volume-title":"The Prokaryotes: Firmicutes and Tenericutes","author":"Stackebrandt","year":"2014"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2015.11.006","article-title":"Measuring microbial metabolism in atypical environments: bentonite in used nuclear fuel storage","volume":"120","author":"Stone","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Microbiol Methods"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1016\/S0883-2927(02)00020-3","article-title":"Microbial, redox and organic characteristics of compacted clay-based buffer after 6.5 years of burial at AECL's Underground Research Laboratory","volume":"17","author":"Stroes-Gascoyne","year":"2002","journal-title":"Appl Geochem"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1557\/PROC-353-345","article-title":"Radiation resistance of the natural microbial population in buffer materials","volume":"353","author":"Stroes-Gascoyne","year":"1995","journal-title":"MRS Online Proc Libr Arch"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clay.2008.07.022","article-title":"Microbial occurrence in bentonite-based buffer, backfill and sealing materials from large-scale experiments at AECL's Underground Research Laboratory","volume":"47","author":"Stroes-Gascoyne","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl Clay Sci"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib101","volume-title":"Alternative Buffer Material. Status of the Ongoing Laboratory Investigation of Reference Materials and Test Package 1","author":"Svensson","year":"2011"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1007\/s11483-013-9312-5","article-title":"Water distribution in bacterial spores: a key factor in heat resistance","volume":"9","author":"Tiburski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Biophys"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/S0969-806X(99)00420-X","article-title":"Modification of radiation resistance of Bacillus spores by water","volume":"57","author":"Todoriki","year":"2000","journal-title":"Radiat Phys Chem"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-7012(96)00843-3","article-title":"Sterilization and inhibition of microbial activity in soil","volume":"26","author":"Trevors","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Microbiol Methods"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22349","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-01072-1","article-title":"Fifteen shades of clay: distinct microbial community profiles obtained from bentonite samples by cultivation and direct nucleic acid extraction","volume":"11","author":"Vachon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.89.5.1280-1285.1965","article-title":"Radiation resistance of soil Azotobacter","volume":"89","author":"Vela","year":"1965","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibiod.2009.02.002","article-title":"Understanding microbial inhibition of corrosion. A comprehensive overview","volume":"63","author":"Videla","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int Biodeterior Biodegrad"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib108","article-title":"D7.1 HITEC. Initial State-of-the-art on THM behaviour of i) buffer clay materials and of ii) host clay materials","volume-title":"EURAD Project, Horizon 2020 No 847593","author":"Villar","year":"2020"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2022.133658","article-title":"Research progress on microbiological inhibition of corrosion: a review","volume":"373","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Cleaner Prod"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pce.2006.02.051","article-title":"Performance of the bentonite barrier at temperatures beyond 100\u00b0C: a critical review","volume":"32","author":"Wersin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Phys Chem the Earth A B C"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq1989.00472425001800010007x","article-title":"Influence of sterilization methods on selected soil microbiological, physical, and chemical properties","volume":"18","author":"Wolf","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Envirin Qual"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e02508","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02508-17","article-title":"Effect of laser irradiation on cell function and its implications in Raman spectroscopy","volume":"84","author":"Yuan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microb"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00792-006-0004-7","article-title":"Thermincola ferriacetica sp. nov., a new anaerobic, thermophilic, facultatively chemolithoautotrophic bacterium capable of dissimilatory Fe(III) reduction","volume":"11","author":"Zavarzina","year":"2007","journal-title":"Extremophiles"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsoil.2016.09.007","article-title":"Effects of gamma irradiation on soil biological communities and C and N pools in a clay loam soil","volume":"108","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl Soil Ecol"},{"key":"2025031714260023000_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100056","DOI":"10.1016\/j.focha.2022.100056","article-title":"The formation, germination, and cold plasma inactivation of bacterial spore","volume":"1","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Chem Adva"}],"container-title":["Journal of Applied Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jambio\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jambio\/lxaf051\/62278918\/lxaf051.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jambio\/article-pdf\/136\/3\/lxaf051\/62278918\/lxaf051.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jambio\/article-pdf\/136\/3\/lxaf051\/62278918\/lxaf051.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]],"date-time":"2025-03-17T14:26:17Z","timestamp":1742221577000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jambio\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/jambio\/lxaf051\/8052799"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"references-count":113,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jambio\/lxaf051","relation":{},"ISSN":["1365-2672"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1365-2672","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"article-number":"lxaf051"}}