{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T22:35:50Z","timestamp":1793831750160,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":136,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741564800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fundamental Research Grant Scheme","award":["FRGS\/1\/2020\/SKK0\/MUSM\/02\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRGS\/1\/2020\/SKK0\/MUSM\/02\/1"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003093","name":"Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003093","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The influenza virus, especially influenza A (IAV), has remained a constant global health threat due to its high morbidity rate and ability to undergo antigenic shifts and drifts, causing pandemics and epidemics. Due to the rapid evolution of IAV, novel therapeutics are urgently required to combat these viruses effectively, as they develop resistance against current therapeutics. Natural products have been the subject of debate for alternative IAV therapy, where the abundance of bioactive compounds offers numerous potentials for novel anti-IAV drug discovery. Therefore, this review discusses the antiviral effects of natural plant extracts against IAV. Examples are Silybum marianum, Scutellaria baicalensis, Angelica dahurica, Peganum harmala, Sambucus nigra, Echinacea purpurea, Panax ginseng, and Camellia sinensis. Most studies found that Si. marianum inhibits viral ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis. In contrast, Sc. baicalensis, A. dahurica, Sa. nigra, C. sinensis, and E. purpurea were effective in preventing the entry or binding of IAV into host cells. On the other hand, Sc. baicalensis and Pa. ginseng exert their anti-IAV effect via immunomodulation. Peganum harmala, on the contrary, exhibits a direct virucidal effect against IAV. These studies have shown promising results from using natural products against IAV, which may aid in formulating combinatorial compounds as anti-IAV therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jambio\/lxaf056","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T00:15:01Z","timestamp":1741565701000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Plant extracts as a source of antiviral agents against influenza A virus"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"136","author":[{"given":"Hanushree","family":"Arumugam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science, Monash University Malaysia , 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor DE ,","place":["Malaysia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ka Heng","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science, Monash University Malaysia , 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor DE ,","place":["Malaysia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zheng Yao","family":"Low","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science, Monash University Malaysia , 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor DE ,","place":["Malaysia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunil","family":"Lal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science, Monash University Malaysia , 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor DE ,","place":["Malaysia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0495-3303","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wee Sim","family":"Choo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science, Monash University Malaysia , 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor DE ,","place":["Malaysia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025042107064695200_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2202","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6171","article-title":"Milk thistle (Silybum marianum): a concise overview on its chemistry, pharmacological, and nutraceutical uses in liver diseases","volume":"32","author":"Abenavoli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phytother Res"},{"key":"2025042107064695200_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13100947","article-title":"Phytochemistry, mechanisms, and preclinical studies of Echinacea extracts in modulating immune responses to bacterial and viral infections: a comprehensive review","volume":"13","author":"Ahmadi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"2025042107064695200_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13475","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.1c06335","article-title":"Identification of major constituents of Hypericum perforatum L. extracts in Syria by development of a rapid, simple, and reproducible HPLC-ESI-Q-TOF MS analysis and their antioxidant activities","volume":"7","author":"Alahmad","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"2025042107064695200_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox2040398","article-title":"Free radical scavenging and antioxidant activities of silymarin components","volume":"2","author":"Anthony","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"2025042107064695200_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metop.2021.100115","article-title":"A systematic review on the effects of Echinacea supplementation on cytokine levels: is there a role in COVID-19?","volume":"11","author":"Aucoin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Metabol Open"},{"key":"2025042107064695200_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfoodeng.2013.01.014","article-title":"Techniques for extraction of bioactive compounds from plant materials: a review","volume":"117","author":"Azmir","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Food Eng"},{"key":"2025042107064695200_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1211\/0022357056127","article-title":"Echinacea species (Echinacea angustifolia (DC.) 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