{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T15:08:30Z","timestamp":1778771310609,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768262400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The purpose of this paper was to develop a dual-active topical gel combining clotrimazole (0.5%) and methyl eugenol (0.15%) and to evaluate its planktonic and antibiofilm efficacy against Candida spp., cytocompatibility, pharmaceutical performance, and benchmarking versus commercial antifungals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Antimicrobial activity was measured by CLSI-adapted agar diffusion and broth microdilution against Candida albicans ATCC 10231, Candida tropicalis PNT31, and azole-tolerant Candida glabrata (ND31, ND32, 961), together with four representative bacteria (Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, and Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212). Biofilm inhibition was quantified in a 96-well static model using the minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC50\u200b\u2013MBIC100). The gel achieved minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 125\u2013250\u00a0\u00b5g\u00b7mL\u22121 and MBIC50 values 2\u20134\u00a0\u00d7\u00a0the MICs. Compared with Canesten\u00ae and Daktarin\u00ae, MIC and MBIC50 values were consistently lower (\u224830\u201335% lower for azole-tolerant C. glabrata isolates). Cell viability remained\u00a0&amp;gt;\u00a085% at MIC\/MBIC50\u200b, rheology was shear-thinning\/thixotropic, and active contents were\u00a0\u2265\u00a096% retained during stability testing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In vitro, the clotrimazole\u2013methyl eugenol gel showed low MIC\/MBIC50\u200b values (including against azole-tolerant C. glabrata), maintained cytocompatibility (&amp;gt;85% viability at MIC\/MBIC50), and demonstrated robust pharmaceutical attributes, supporting further in vivo validation for biofilm-associated candidiasis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jambio\/lxag015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T12:31:03Z","timestamp":1768307463000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dual-active clotrimazole\u2013methyl eugenol topical gel:\n                    <i>in vitro<\/i>\n                    antibiofilm activity against\n                    <i>Candida<\/i>\n                    spp. and benchmarking versus commercial topical antifungals"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"137","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3320-4072","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dang Anh","family":"Tuan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology , Technick\u00e1 5, 166 28 Prague 6 ,","place":["Czech Republic"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6484-0824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Masak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology , Technick\u00e1 5, 166 28 Prague 6 ,","place":["Czech Republic"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026051410080014600_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.020693-0","article-title":"In vitro synergy of eugenol and methyleugenol with fluconazole against clinical Candida isolates","volume":"59","author":"Ahmad","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"2026051410080014600_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2023.117561","article-title":"Exploring the antibacterial mechanisms of chemically characterized essential oils from leaves and buds of Syzygium aromaticum (L.) 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