{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T22:25:18Z","timestamp":1792794318353,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China Young Scientist","award":["82504755"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82504755"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005145","name":"Basic Research Program of Jiangsu Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BK20240907"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20240907"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005145","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007062","name":"Yangzhou University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["137013152"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["137013152"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Mastitis is a common inflammatory disease in both humans and dairy animals, most frequently driven by bacterial pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Escherichia coli (E. coli), Mycoplasma bovis (M. bovis), and Streptococcus uberis (S. uberis). These microbes deploy distinct virulence strategies yet share the ability to reshape T-cell\u2013mediated immunity, thereby influencing infection outcomes, tissue damage, and chronicity. In this review, we summarize current evidence on how CD4\u207a, CD8\u207a, \u03b3\u03b4 T-cells, Tregs, and other T-cell subsets participate in mastitis-associated immune responses. We focus on pathogen-specific mechanisms, including S. aureus superantigen-induced immune deviation, M. bovis-driven prostaglandin E\u2082\u2013STAT3\u2013PD-L1 signalling and T-cell exhaustion, early CD8\u207a recruitment and cytokine imbalance in E. coli mastitis, and \u03b3\u03b4 T-cell activation during S. uberis infection. We further compare common and divergent strategies of immune evasion and dysregulated T-cell\u2013mediated inflammation across these pathogens. Finally, we discuss how T-cell signatures and cytokine networks may inform the development of diagnostic biomarkers, immunomodulatory interventions, and vaccine candidates, with the potential to reduce antibiotic use and improve mastitis control in both human and veterinary settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jambio\/lxag067","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T12:52:46Z","timestamp":1772628766000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["T-cell\u2013mediated immunity in mastitis: pathogen-driven cytokine networks and implications for applied microbiology"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"137","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2882-7512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bin","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Comparative Medicine, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou 225009 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Saarland , 66421 Homburg ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruixi","family":"Ming","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Comparative Medicine, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou 225009 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hang","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou 225001 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huiling","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Comparative Medicine, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou, 225009 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tangjie","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Comparative Medicine, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou 225009 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026051508375919600_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13100677","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus\u00a0toxins: an update on their pathogenic properties and potential treatments","volume":"13","author":"Ahmad-Mansour","year":"2021","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"2026051508375919600_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-7-62","article-title":"A descriptive study of mastitis in Australian breastfeeding women: incidence and determinants","volume":"7","author":"Amir","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2026051508375919600_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2017.08.005","article-title":"Characterization of immune response in Staphylococcus aureus chronically infected bovine mammary glands during active involution","volume":"54","author":"Andreotti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026051508375919600_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1626","DOI":"10.1002\/ctm2.1626","article-title":"Metabolic imbalance driving immune cell phenotype switching in autoimmune disorders: tipping the balance of T- and B-cell interactions","volume":"14","author":"Barberis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Trans Med"},{"key":"2026051508375919600_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.13.1609","article-title":"Lactation mastitis","volume":"289","author":"Barbosa-Cesnik","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026051508375919600_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2015.02.024","article-title":"Virulence, persistence and dissemination of Mycoplasma bovi s","volume":"179","author":"Burki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"2026051508375919600_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2003023","article-title":"Severity of E. coli mastitis is mainly determined by cow factors","volume":"34","author":"Burvenich","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"key":"2026051508375919600_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1002\/cbin.11953","article-title":"Ozone therapy restores immune dysfunction in refractory idiopathic granulomatous mastitis as a novel potential therapeutic approach","volume":"47","author":"Cabioglu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Biol Int"},{"key":"2026051508375919600_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1762","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI40891","article-title":"IL-17 is essential for host defense against cutaneous Staphylococcus aureus infection in mice","volume":"120","author":"Cho","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2026051508375919600_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1007\/s10911-011-9234-0","article-title":"Mastitis: comparative etiology and epidemiology","volume":"16","author":"Contreras","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia"},{"key":"2026051508375919600_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4727","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2018-15272","article-title":"Symposium review: features of Staphylococcus aureus mastitis pathogenesis that guide vaccine development strategies","volume":"102","author":"Cote-Gravel","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2026051508375919600_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-011-9462-1","article-title":"Streptococcus uberis-specific T cells are present in mammary gland secretions of cows and can be activated to kill S. uberis","volume":"35","author":"Denis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet Res Commun"},{"key":"2026051508375919600_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6693720","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/6693720","article-title":"Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis","volume":"2024","author":"Dilaveri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Breast J"},{"key":"2026051508375919600_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800830630","article-title":"Periductal mastitis and duct ectasia: different conditions with different aetiologies","volume":"83","author":"Dixon","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"2026051508375919600_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/S0171-2985(11)80317-7","article-title":"Elevated CD4 antigen expression among activated T cells in lymph nodes draining mammary regions chronically exposed to Staphylococcus aureus antigen","volume":"185","author":"Dobrzanski","year":"1992","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"2026051508375919600_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2023.05.001","article-title":"Is peripheral blood immunophenotyping useful to understand the etiology of idiopathic granulomatous?","volume":"84","author":"Dogan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hum Immunol"},{"key":"2026051508375919600_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.027409-0","article-title":"Bacteraemia and breast abscess: unusual extra-intestinal manifestations of Clostridium difficile infection","volume":"60","author":"Durojaiye","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"2026051508375919600_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2044","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(01)74648-6","article-title":"Bovine mammary immune response to an experimental intramammary infection with a Staphylococcus aureus strain containing a gene for staphylococcal enterotoxin C1","volume":"84","author":"Ebling","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2026051508375919600_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627173","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.627173","article-title":"Identification and phenotype of MAIT cells in cattle and their response to bacterial infections","volume":"12","author":"Edmans","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2026051508375919600_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1054\/brst.1999.0072","article-title":"A clinicopthologic study of a rare clinical entity mimicking breast carcinoma: idiopathic granulomatous mastitis","volume":"9","author":"Erhan","year":"2000","journal-title":"The Breast"},{"key":"2026051508375919600_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12090584","article-title":"Staphylococcal enterotoxin C-an update on SEC variants, their structure and properties, and their role in foodborne intoxications","volume":"12","author":"Etter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"2026051508375919600_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11030141","article-title":"Staphylococcal enterotoxin C is an important virulence factor for mastitis","volume":"11","author":"Fang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"2026051508375919600_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1067\/mlc.2000.105179","article-title":"Persistence of Staphylococcus aureus on mucosal membranes: superantigens and internalization by host cells","volume":"135","author":"Ferens","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Lab Clin Med"},{"key":"2026051508375919600_bib24","first-page":"193","article-title":"Induction of type 2 cytokines by a staphylococcal enterotoxin superantigen","volume":"7","author":"Ferens","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Nat Toxins"},{"key":"2026051508375919600_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1007\/s12223-021-00879-9","article-title":"Potential factors involved in the early pathogenesis of Streptococcus uberis mastitis: a review","volume":"66","author":"Fessia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Folia Microbiol"},{"key":"2026051508375919600_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1322267","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1322267","article-title":"Mycoplasma bovis mastitis in dairy cattle","volume":"11","author":"Gelgie","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"2026051508375919600_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00012","article-title":"Upregulation of PD-L1 Expression by Prostaglandin E(2) and the Enhancement of IFN-gamma by Anti-PD-L1 Antibody Combined with a COX-2 Inhibitor in Mycoplasma bovis Infection","volume":"7","author":"Goto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"2026051508375919600_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.173","article-title":"Increase of cells expressing PD-1 and PD-L1 and enhancement of IFN-gamma production via PD-1\/PD-L1 blockade in bovine mycoplasmosis","volume":"5","author":"Goto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immun Inflam Dis"},{"key":"2026051508375919600_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2005.05.002","article-title":"Changes in blood and milk lymphocyte sub-populations during acute and chronic phases of Staphylococcus aureus induced bovine mastitis","volume":"80","author":"Gronlund","year":"2006","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"key":"2026051508375919600_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1014324421258","article-title":"Detection of subclinical mastitis in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) using somatic cell counts and the N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase test","volume":"34","author":"Guliye","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod"},{"key":"2026051508375919600_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1303398","article-title":"Bovine gammadelta T cells are a major regulatory T cell subset","volume":"193","author":"Guzman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026051508375919600_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00061","article-title":"The environment of regulatory T cell biology: cytokines, metabolites, and the microbiome","volume":"6","author":"Hoeppli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2026051508375919600_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2012.03.009","article-title":"Managing environmental mastitis","volume":"28","author":"Hogan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Amer: Food Animal Pract"},{"key":"2026051508375919600_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00812260","article-title":"Th1\/Th2 balance in infection","volume":"21","author":"Infante-Duarte","year":"1999","journal-title":"Springer Semin Immunopathol"},{"key":"2026051508375919600_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.13468","article-title":"Environmental Escherichia coli: ecology and public health implications\u2014a review","volume":"123","author":"Jang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"2026051508375919600_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4713","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2018-15326","article-title":"Symposium review: intramammary infections\u2014major pathogens and strain-associated complexity","volume":"102","author":"Keane","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2026051508375919600_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2012.05.025","article-title":"Experimental autoimmune breast failure: a model for lactation insufficiency, postnatal nutritional deprivation, and prophylactic breast cancer vaccination","volume":"181","author":"Kesaraju","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"2026051508375919600_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1177\/0890334409349806","article-title":"Toward a clarification of the concept of mastitis as used in empirical studies of breast inflammation during lactation","volume":"26","author":"Kvist","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Hum Lact"},{"key":"2026051508375919600_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3565","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2019-17281","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of Streptococcus uberis intramammary infections: persistent and transient patterns of infection in a dairy herd","volume":"103","author":"Leelahapongsathon","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2026051508375919600_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0450.2003.00602.x","article-title":"Immune cell differentiation in mammary gland tissues and milk of cows chronically infected with Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"50","author":"Leitner","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Vet Med, Ser B"},{"key":"2026051508375919600_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0450.2000.00388.x","article-title":"Milk leucocyte population patterns in bovine udder infection of different aetiology","volume":"47","author":"Leitner","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Vet Med, Ser B"},{"key":"2026051508375919600_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10209","DOI":"10.1007\/s12265-022-10209-0","article-title":"circCELF1 inhibits myocardial fibrosis by regulating the expression of DKK2 through FTO\/m(6)a and miR-636","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Trans Res"},{"key":"2026051508375919600_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00203-9","article-title":"Sows intramammarily inoculated with Escherichia coli at parturition. II. Effects on the densities of MHC class II(+), CD4(+) and CD8(+) cells in the mammary gland","volume":"90","author":"Loving","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol"},{"key":"2026051508375919600_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1140623","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1140623","article-title":"A close look at current gammadelta T-cell immunotherapy","volume":"14","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2026051508375919600_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.2478\/pjvs-2013-0095","article-title":"The effect of supportive E. coli mastitis treatment on PMN chemiluminescence and subpopulations of T lymphocytes","volume":"16","author":"Markiewicz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pol J Vet Sci"},{"key":"2026051508375919600_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2007-0096","article-title":"Increase in Escherichia coli inoculum dose accelerates CD8+ T-cell trafficking in the primiparous bovine mammary gland","volume":"91","author":"Mehrzad","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2026051508375919600_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2417","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-011-1047-3","article-title":"Taurine attenuates Streptococcus uberis-induced mastitis in rats by increasing T regulatory cells","volume":"42","author":"Miao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"2026051508375919600_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.88.9.818","article-title":"the challenge of mastitis","volume":"88","author":"Michie","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"2026051508375919600_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(06)72165-8","article-title":"Relationships between somatic cell count and intramammary infection in buffaloes","volume":"89","author":"Moroni","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2026051508375919600_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3697","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1303420","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus infection of mice expands a population of memory gammadelta T cells that are protective against subsequent infection","volume":"192","author":"Murphy","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2026051508375919600_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2007.05.015","article-title":"Toxinogenic Bacillus pumilus and Bacillus licheniformis from mastitic milk","volume":"124","author":"Nieminen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"2026051508375919600_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2011.06.023","article-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibilities and bacteriological characteristics of bovine Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Serratia marcescens isolates from mastitis","volume":"154","author":"Ohnishi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"2026051508375919600_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.68.113","article-title":"Relationship between leukocyte population and nutritive conditions in dairy herds with frequently appearing mastitis","volume":"68","author":"Ohtsuka","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"2026051508375919600_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-2427(93)90103-B","article-title":"Suppression of proliferative response of BoCD4+ T lymphocytes by activated BoCD8+ T lymphocytes in the mammary gland of cows with Staphylococcus aureus mastitis","volume":"36","author":"Park","year":"1993","journal-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol"},{"key":"2026051508375919600_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.2006.7.3.233","article-title":"Unique features of bovine lymphocytes exposed to a staphylococcal enterotoxin","volume":"7","author":"Park","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Vet Sci"},{"key":"2026051508375919600_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2843","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-59724-7","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of a mesenchymal stem cell intramammary therapy in dairy cows with experimentally induced Staphylococcus aureus clinical mastitis","volume":"10","author":"Peralta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026051508375919600_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1309\/AJCP1W9JBRYOQSNZ","article-title":"Cystic neutrophilic granulomatous mastitis: an underappreciated pattern strongly associated with gram-positive bacilli","volume":"136","author":"Renshaw","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"2026051508375919600_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e28","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.2019.20.e28","article-title":"Histopathological and microbiological findings in buffalo chronic mastitis: evidence of tertiary lymphoid structures","volume":"20","author":"Restucci","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Vet Sci"},{"key":"2026051508375919600_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(01)74568-7","article-title":"Cell subpopulations and cytokine expression in cow milk in response to chronic Staphylococcus aureus infection","volume":"84","author":"Riollet","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2026051508375919600_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1111\/imcb.12011","article-title":"Mucosal-associated invariant T cells in autoimmune and immune-mediated diseases","volume":"96","author":"Rouxel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunol Cell Biol"},{"key":"2026051508375919600_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-80251-y","article-title":"Tick saliva-induced programmed death-1 and PD-ligand 1 and its related host immunosuppression","volume":"11","author":"Sajiki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026051508375919600_bib62","first-page":"691","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus\u00a0protection-related type 3 cell-mediated immune response elicited by recombinant proteins and GM-CSF DNA vaccine","volume":"9","author":"Santos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"2026051508375919600_bib63","first-page":"11121831","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus-cure-associated antigens elicit type 3 immune memory T cells","volume":"11","author":"Santos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)"},{"key":"2026051508375919600_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1554341","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1554341","article-title":"Cytokine interactions and chemokine dysregulations in mastitis immunopathogenesis: insights from transcriptomic profiling of milk somatic cells in tropical Sahiwal (Bos indicus) cows","volume":"16","author":"Satheesan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2026051508375919600_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(99)75399-3","article-title":"Shifts in bovine CD4+ subpopulations increase T-helper-2 compared with T-helper-1 effector cells during the postpartum period","volume":"82","author":"Shafer-Weaver","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2026051508375919600_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-212-44016","article-title":"Diminished mammary gland lymphocyte functions parallel shifts in trafficking patterns during the postpartum period","volume":"212","author":"Shafer-Weaver","year":"1996","journal-title":"Exp Biol Med"},{"key":"2026051508375919600_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3594","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11123594","article-title":"Effect of Streptococcus uberis on gamma delta T cell phenotype in bovine mammary gland","volume":"11","author":"Slama","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"key":"2026051508375919600_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(85)80993-0","article-title":"Environmental mastitis: cause, prevalence, prevention","volume":"68","author":"Smith","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2026051508375919600_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2022.110508","article-title":"Memory CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocyte proliferation in vaccinated dairy cows with different histories of Staphylococcus aureus mastitis","volume":"253","author":"Soares","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol"},{"key":"2026051508375919600_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6293","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.12.6293-6302.1999","article-title":"Selective recruitment of T-cell subsets to the udder during staphylococcal and streptococcal mastitis: analysis of lymphocyte subsets and adhesion molecule expression","volume":"67","author":"Soltys","year":"1999","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2026051508375919600_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5376","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2019-17022","article-title":"Immune response in nonspecific mastitis: what can it tell us?","volume":"103","author":"Souza","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2026051508375919600_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2772","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2022-22529","article-title":"Bovine-associated Staphylococci and Mammaliicocci trigger T-lymphocyte proliferative response and cytokine production differently","volume":"106","author":"Souza","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2026051508375919600_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00104-12","article-title":"Staphylococcal and streptococcal superantigen exotoxins","volume":"26","author":"Spaulding","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"2026051508375919600_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022029908003786","article-title":"Prevalence of pathogens in milk samples of dairy cows with clinical mastitis and in heifers at first parturition","volume":"76","author":"Tenhagen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Dairy Res"},{"key":"2026051508375919600_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-019-0191-y","article-title":"Mucosal-associated invariant T cells and disease","volume":"19","author":"Toubal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"2026051508375919600_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1080\/08820139.2020.1832114","article-title":"The role of regulatory T and B cells in the etiopathogenesis of idiopathic granulomatous mastitis","volume":"51","author":"Ucaryilmaz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immunol Invest"},{"key":"2026051508375919600_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2004.01.063","article-title":"Characterization of a lympho-inhibitory peptide produced by Mycoplasma bovis","volume":"315","author":"Vanden\u00a0Bush","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"2026051508375919600_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4570","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00707-10","article-title":"Invasion of bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells and erythrocytes by Mycoplasma bovis","volume":"78","author":"van\u00a0der\u00a0Merwe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2026051508375919600_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00505","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00505-18","article-title":"Bovine Staphylococcus aureus superantigens stimulate the entire T cell repertoire of cattle","volume":"86","author":"Wilson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2026051508375919600_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2604","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12222604","article-title":"ALKBH5 stabilized N(6)-methyladenosine-modified LOC4191 to suppress E. coli-induced apoptosis","volume":"12","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"2026051508375919600_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104843","article-title":"A comparative investigation on the role and interaction of EsxA and EsxB in host immune response","volume":"154","author":"Yi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"2026051508375919600_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1080\/08941939.2021.1894516","article-title":"Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis: etiology, clinical manifestation, diagnosis and treatment","volume":"35","author":"Yin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Invest Surg"},{"key":"2026051508375919600_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.57.299","article-title":"Proliferative response and cytokine production of bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells induced by the superantigens s and toxic shock syndrome toxin-1","volume":"57","author":"Yokomizo","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"2026051508375919600_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3443","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.17914","article-title":"Saikosaponin a alleviates Staphylococcus aureus-induced mastitis in mice by inhibiting ferroptosis via SIRT1\/Nrf2 pathway","volume":"27","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Medi"},{"key":"2026051508375919600_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0134797","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0134797","article-title":"Shifted T helper cell polarization in a murine Staphylococcus aureus mastitis model","volume":"10","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026051508375919600_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1790","DOI":"10.1080\/08941939.2022.2090035","article-title":"Current research describing the role of CD4(+) T lymphocyte subsets in the pathogenesis of granulomatous lobular mastitis","volume":"35","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Invest Surg"},{"key":"2026051508375919600_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1590\/S1517-83822013005000019","article-title":"EsxA might as a virulence factor induce antibodies in patients with Staphylococcus aureus infection","volume":"44","author":"Zhou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Braz J Microbiol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Applied Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jambio\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jambio\/lxag067\/67243089\/lxag067.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jambio\/article-pdf\/137\/3\/lxag067\/67243089\/lxag067.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jambio\/article-pdf\/137\/3\/lxag067\/67243089\/lxag067.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T12:38:04Z","timestamp":1778848684000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jambio\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/jambio\/lxag067\/8507200"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":87,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jambio\/lxag067","relation":{},"ISSN":["1365-2672"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1365-2672","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"article-number":"lxag067"}}