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Their endurance is driven by fungal hyphal morphogenesis, interkingdom co-aggregation, and virulence proteins, including SAP5, which create a strong polymicrobial biofilm. Homovanillic acid, a plant-derived phenolic molecule, was tested for its antibiofilm effects on hyphal growth, bacterial\u2013fungal interactions, and SAP5-associated pathogenicity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Integrated in vitro, real-time dynamic, and in vivo methods were used to assess antibiofilm activity. Microtiter plate experiments evaluated the minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC), whereas a real-time Biofilm Infection Simulator System examined biofilm formation under flow circumstances. SAP5 proteinase activity was measured spectrophotometrically, and microbiological and histological investigations confirmed in vivo efficacy in a catheter-associated rat wound model. HVA significantly inhibited polymicrobial biofilm initiation at sub-inhibitory concentrations, with an MBIC of 128\u00a0\u00b5g mL\u22121 corresponding to an 82.18% reduction in biofilm formation. Real-time analysis confirmed substantial suppression of biofilm development. Inhibition of C. albicans hyphal morphogenesis impaired S. aureus adhesion and destabilized biofilm architecture, while SAP5 activity was reduced by 53.37%. In vivo treatment promoted effective wound healing, marked by reduced inflammation, near-complete epithelial regeneration, and organized collagen deposition by day 14.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>HVA demonstrates potent multitarget antibiofilm activity and represents a promising plant-derived therapeutic candidate for managing polymicrobial biofilm-associated wound infections.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jambio\/lxag111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T11:43:24Z","timestamp":1778154204000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Homovanillic acid inhibits\n                    <i>Candida albicans-Staphylococcus<\/i>\n                    aureus polymicrobial biofilm:\n                    <i>in vitro<\/i>\n                    and\n                    <i>in vivo<\/i>\n                    evaluation"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"137","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2257-6687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anmol","family":"Kulshrestha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Technology Raipur Department of Biotechnology, , Raipur 492010, Chhattisgarh ,","place":["INDIA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7651-1040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pratima","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Technology Raipur Department of Biotechnology, , Raipur 492010, Chhattisgarh ,","place":["INDIA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sumit","family":"Sahu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rungta College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research Department of Pharmacology, , Durg 490024, Chhattisgarh ,","place":["INDIA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Priya","family":"Komre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rungta College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research Department of Pharmacology, , Durg 490024, Chhattisgarh ,","place":["INDIA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanjay Kumar","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rungta College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research Department of Pharmacology, , Durg 490024, Chhattisgarh ,","place":["INDIA"]},{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Rungta International Skills University , Bhilai 490024, Chhattisgarh ,","place":["INDIA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Avani","family":"Tiwari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Cancer Centre, Pt. 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