{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T10:47:07Z","timestamp":1782470827518,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"Technology Innovation Research Team in Universities of Sichuan Province","award":["KM406183.1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KM406183.1"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008363","name":"Sichuan Agricultural University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024511825000383"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024511825000383"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008363","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) remains a major threat to swine production, while safe and practical mucosal immunization strategies with broad reactivity are still limited. This study aimed to develop a spore surface-display mucosal immunomodulatory platform by presenting a multiepitope PRRSV antigen on Bacillus subtilis spores and to assess its ability to stimulate mucosal and systemic immune responses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An applied spore surface-display platform was constructed by engineering Bacillus subtilis 168 spores to present a tandem fusion antigen (ER) comprising conserved linear B- and T-cell epitopes derived from PRRSV ORF1b, GP5, M, and N proteins. Recombinant spores were administered orally to BALB\/c mice as a proof-of-concept model, and mucosal and systemic immunogenicity was evaluated in comparison with control spores and a commercial inactivated vaccine. B. subtilis BE significantly increased ER-specific intestinal secretory IgA and serum IgG, and PRRSV (R98)-specific neutralising activity was detectable in the ER group. BE administration also promoted a Th1-skewed mucosal cytokine profile (increased IFN-\u03b1, TNF-\u03b1, and IFN-\u03b3 with reduced IL-6) and increased the proportion of CD8\u207a T cells in mesenteric lymph nodes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Surface display of a conserved multiepitope PRRSV antigen on B. subtilis spores stimulated coordinated mucosal, humoral, and cellular immune responses in mice. These findings support further exploration of spore-based microbial delivery systems as a potential mucosal immunisation adjuvant and immunomodulatory approach for PRRSV; however, the use of BALB\/c mice represents a non-natural host model, and protective efficacy remains to be validated in target animals and challenge studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jambio\/lxag114","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T11:42:33Z","timestamp":1778240553000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Surface-displayed multivalent PRRSV tandem antigen on\n                    <i>Bacillus subtilis<\/i>\n                    spores induces mucosal immune responses in mice"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"137","author":[{"given":"Yang","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu 611130 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianzhen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Chengdu Agricultural College , Chengdu 611130 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pengfei","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu 611130 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Institute of Bioengineering, Suzhou Womei Biology Co., Ltd ., Suzhou 215614 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu 611130 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yicen","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu 611130 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xixi","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu 611130 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Fei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu 611130 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunfei","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu 611130 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Yangchun Vocational School , Yangchun 529600 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanpeng","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bioengineering, Suzhou Womei Biology Co., Ltd ., Suzhou 215614 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunfeng","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bioengineering, Suzhou Womei Biology Co., Ltd ., Suzhou 215614 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xueqin","family":"Ni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu 611130 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Jing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu 611130 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