{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:06:04Z","timestamp":1792785964933,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":256,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000377","name":"Dunhill Medical Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RPGF1906\\171"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RPGF1906\\171"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000377","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100024812","name":"National Biofilms Innovation Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BB\/R012415\/1|002POC19024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/R012415\/1|002POC19024"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100024812","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100024812","name":"National Biofilms Innovation Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BB\/R012415\/1|002POC19091"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/R012415\/1|002POC19091"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100024812","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University of Bath Alumni Fund","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/002h8g185","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Indwelling urethral catheters are the most widely used medical devices across the world, and catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) are the most common type of healthcare acquired infection. For many patients, urinary catheter blockage is a common and recurring problem, which can have considerable negative impact on patient health and well-being. Blockage primarily stems from the formation of crystalline bacterial biofilms on catheter surfaces, which can lead to upper urinary tract infection (UTI) and the onset of serious clinical complications. Potential solutions to this important clinical problem include the development of novel antibiofilm agents that can prevent formation of these communities on urinary catheters. However, traditional de novo methods of drug discovery are laborious, expensive, have long lead times and carry a high risk of failure in the clinical trial stages. One potential approach to mitigate this risk and cost, is the evaluation of pre-existing licensed drugs for those with useful antibiofilm or antimicrobial activity. Here we review current preclinical evidence for antibiofilm and antimicrobial activities in licensed drugs from a range of classes, such as urease inhibitors, Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs), phenothiazines, oncology therapeutics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). In doing so, we consider the application of the repurposing approach to control CAUTI and catheter blockage, and identify key challenges and opportunities related to delivery of repurposed drugs to the catheterised urinary tract.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jambio\/lxag139","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T12:11:43Z","timestamp":1781611903000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Drug repurposing as an approach to control biofilm formation and encrustation of urinary catheters: preclinical evidence and future challenges"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"137","author":[{"given":"Anthony J","family":"Slate","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical and Life Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield , Huddersfield, HD1 3DH ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine R E","family":"Lawler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science, School of Infection, Inflammation and Immunology, University of Birmingham, Dubai Academic City, P.O. Box 341799 , Dubai ,","place":["UAE"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ocean E","family":"Clarke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Liverpool , Liverpool, L69 7BE ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian V","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Claverton Down , Bath, BA2 7AY ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1080\/14656566.2019.1685979","article-title":"Established and recent developments in the pharmacological management of urolithiasis: an overview of the current treatment armamentarium","volume":"21","author":"Abou\u00a0Chakra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Opin Pharmacother"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19263","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-03355-3","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of Chitosan from shrimp shell waste and the sustainable preparation of salicylic acid-loaded Chitosan nanoparticles for antibiofilm applications","volume":"15","author":"Ahmed","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-025-01344-1","article-title":"Impact of drug repurposing between 1985 and 2024 on pharmaceutical innovation","volume":"6","author":"Akodad","year":"2026","journal-title":"Commun Med"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2003","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dky042","article-title":"Role of bacterial efflux pumps in biofilm formation","volume":"73","author":"Alav","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2009.04205.x","article-title":"The assessment of the antibacterial and antifungal activities of aspirin, EDTA and aspirin\u2013EDTA combination and their effectiveness as antibiofilm agents","volume":"107","author":"Al-Bakri","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Appl Micro"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-777X.62880","article-title":"In vitro antibacterial activity of ibuprofen and acetaminophen","volume":"2","author":"Al-Janabi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Glob Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e210207","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-02760210207","article-title":"Medicines for Malaria Venture COVID Box: a source for repurposing drugs with antifungal activity against human pathogenic fungi","volume":"116","author":"Almeida-Paes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2019.09.009","article-title":"Efficacy of anti-microbial catheters in preventing catheter associated urinary tract infections in hospitalized patients: a review on recent updates","volume":"12","author":"Al-Qahtani","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Infect Public Health"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2011.03.014","article-title":"Ethidium bromide efflux by Salmonella: modulation by metabolic energy, pH, ions and phenothiazines","volume":"38","author":"Amaral","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000134","article-title":"2014 AHA\/ACC Guideline for the Management of Patients with Non\u2013ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes","volume-title":"Circulation","author":"Amsterdam","year":"2014"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0b013e3181da5300","article-title":"Efficacy and mood conversion rate of short-term fluoxetine monotherapy of bipolar II major depressive episode","volume":"30","author":"Amsterdam","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings10010023","article-title":"Urinary Catheter Coating Modifications: the Race against Catheter-Associated Infections","volume":"10","author":"Andersen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Coatings"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1600-0854.2003.00156.x","article-title":"The Uroepithelium: not Just a Passive Barrier","volume":"5","author":"Apodaca","year":"2004","journal-title":"Traffic"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e144775","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.144775","article-title":"Prospective assessment of catheter-associated bacteriuria clinical presentation, epidemiology, and colonization dynamics in nursing home residents","volume":"6","author":"Armbruster","year":"2021","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/ecosalplus.esp-0009-2017","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Proteus mirabilis infection","volume-title":"EcoSal Plus","author":"Armbruster","year":"2018"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.14533","article-title":"How often do clinically diagnosed catheter-associated urinary tract infections in nursing homes meet standardized criteria?","volume":"65","author":"Armbruster","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd1468","article-title":"Drug repositioning: identifying and developing new uses for existing drugs","volume":"3","author":"Ashburn","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s40709-015-0028-1","article-title":"Sertraline enhances the activity of antimicrobial agents against pathogens of clinical relevance","volume":"22","author":"Ayaz","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Biol Res-Thessalon"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1080\/1040841X.2016.1240656","article-title":"Impact of polymicrobial biofilms in catheter-associated urinary tract infections","volume":"43","author":"Azevedo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2011.02.060","article-title":"Extraction of fluoxetine from aquatic and urine samples using sodium dodecyl sulfate-coated iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles followed by spectrofluorimetric determination","volume":"692","author":"Bagheri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anal Chim Acta"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3604","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.00661-08","article-title":"RamA confers multidrug resistance in Salmonella enterica via increased expression of acrB, which is inhibited by chlorpromazine","volume":"52","author":"Bailey","year":"2008","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2018.01.018","article-title":"A bibliometric review of drug repurposing","volume":"23","author":"Baker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug Discov Today"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2015.02.011","article-title":"Catheter-associated urinary tract infection: role of the setting of catheter insertion","volume":"43","author":"Barbadoro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2004.10.002","article-title":"Antibacterial property of the antipsychotic agent prochlorperazine, and its synergism with methdilazine","volume":"160","author":"Basu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Microbiol Res"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/31.6.846","article-title":"Complete urinary excretion profile of 5-fluorouracil during a six-day chemotherapeutic schedule, as resolved by 19F nuclear magnetic resonance","volume":"31","author":"Bernadou","year":"1985","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2057","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkr258","article-title":"Efflux inhibition by selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in Escherichia coli","volume":"66","author":"Bohnert","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-6757(92)90041-u","article-title":"Acute fluoxetine overdose: a report of 234 cases","volume":"10","author":"Borys","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e73076","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0073076","article-title":"The Human Urine Metabolome","volume":"8","author":"Bouatra","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.012419-0","article-title":"Crystalline bacterial biofilm formation on urinary catheters by urease-producing urinary tract pathogens: a simple method of control","volume":"58","author":"Broomfield","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.5001\/omj.2010.49","article-title":"An overview of clinical pharmacology of ibuprofen","volume":"25","author":"Bushra","year":"2010","journal-title":"Oman Med J"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/s40264-020-01026-y","article-title":"Safety of N-Acetylcysteine at high doses in chronic respiratory diseases: a review","volume":"44","author":"Calverley","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Saf"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1709217","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1709217","article-title":"Editorial: opportunities and challenges in drug repurposing","volume":"16","author":"Camps","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1821","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-020-05745-x","article-title":"Is non-steroidal anti-inflammatory therapy non-inferior to antibiotic therapy in uncomplicated urinary tract infections: a systematic review","volume":"35","author":"Carey","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1080\/08927014.2017.1286649","article-title":"The response of Escherichia coli biofilm to salicylic acid","volume":"33","author":"Catt\u00f2","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biofouling"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.00002215","article-title":"Influence of N-acetylcysteine on chronic bronchitis or COPD exacerbations: a meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Cazzola","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Respir Rev"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.37.6.1771-1776.1999","article-title":"The Calgary biofilm device: new technology for rapid determination of antibiotic susceptibilities of bacterial biofilms","volume":"37","author":"Ceri","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.01033-06","article-title":"Synergistic Interaction between phenothiazines and antimicrobial agents against Burkholderia pseudomallei","volume":"51","author":"Chan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2017.04.001","article-title":"Niclosamide: beyond an antihelminthic drug","volume":"41","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Signal"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0248(90)90150-J","article-title":"The influence of bacteria on struvite crystal habit and its importance in urinary stone formation","volume":"104","author":"Clapham","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Cryst Growth"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e67966","DOI":"10.3791\/67966","article-title":"An in Vitro Bladder Model of Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection","volume-title":"J Vis Exp","author":"Clarke","year":"2025"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1150625","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1150625","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide structure modulates cationic biocide susceptibility and crystalline biofilm formation in Proteus mirabilis","volume":"14","author":"Clarke","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-0473-0_48","article-title":"Biofilm formation in the 96-well microtiter plate","volume":"1149","author":"Coffey","year":"2014","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e02068","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.02068-20","article-title":"Mechanistic understanding enables the rational design of salicylanilide combination therapies for Gram-negative infections","volume":"11","author":"Copp","year":"2020","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2986742","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/2986742","article-title":"Review of catheter-associated urinary tract infections and in vitro urinary tract models","volume":"2018","author":"Cortese","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Healthc Eng"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1016\/s0022-5347(17)39095-x","article-title":"Morphology of mineral deposits on encrusted urinary catheters investigated by scanning electron microscopy","volume":"142","author":"Cox","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-018-1321-6","article-title":"Defining conditions for biofilm inhibition and eradication assays for Gram-positive clinical reference strains","volume":"18","author":"Cruz","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116947","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2019.116947","article-title":"Ibuprofen-mediated potential inhibition of biofilm development and quorum sensing in Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"237","author":"Dai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-199834020-00002","article-title":"Clinical pharmacokinetics of ibuprofen: the First 30 Years","volume":"34","author":"Davies","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56085","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.5c07700","article-title":"Evaluation of the long-term administration of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) in the mineral nutrient\u2019s bioavailability","volume-title":"ACS Omega","author":"de\u00a0Brito","year":"2025"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7606","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.03869-14","article-title":"Oral administration of the broad-spectrum antibiofilm compound Toremifene inhibits Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation in vivo","volume":"58","author":"De\u00a0Cremer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkt449","article-title":"Repurposing as a means to increase the activity of amphotericin B and caspofungin against Candida albicans biofilms","volume":"69","author":"Delattin","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1007\/s00044-019-02470-x","article-title":"In vitro evaluation of the antibacterial activity of amitriptyline and its synergistic effect with ciprofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole\u2013trimethoprim, and colistin as an alternative in drug repositioning","volume":"29","author":"De\u00a0S.\u00a0Machado","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med Chem Res"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"lxaf169","DOI":"10.1093\/jambio\/lxaf169","article-title":"Synergistic effects of antibiotics and efflux pump inhibitors on multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae","volume":"136","author":"Devi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00352","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00352-23","article-title":"Repurposing high-throughput screening identifies unconventional drugs with antibacterial and antibiofilm activities against Pseudomonas aeruginosa under experimental conditions relevant to cystic fibrosis","volume":"11","author":"Di\u00a0Bonaventura","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e55","DOI":"10.1017\/ash.2022.340","article-title":"Bacterial species and antimicrobial resistance differ between catheter and non\u2013catheter-associated urinary tract infections: data from a national surveillance network","volume":"3","author":"D\u2019Incau","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antimicrob Steward Healthc Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2998","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.62.7.2998-3003.1994","article-title":"Unique ability of the Proteus mirabilis capsule to enhance mineral growth in infectious urinary calculi","volume":"62","author":"Dumanski","year":"1994","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1831","DOI":"10.1517\/13543776.2011.636354","article-title":"Salicylic acid derivatives: synthesis, features and usage as therapeutic tools","volume":"21","author":"Ekinci","year":"2011","journal-title":"Expert Opin Ther Pat"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6805","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb46070406","article-title":"The promising effect of ascorbic acid and paracetamol as anti-biofilm and anti-virulence agents against resistant Escherichia coli","volume":"46","author":"Eltabey","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr Iss Mol Biol"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib59","article-title":"N-Acetylcysteine","volume-title":"StatPearls","author":"Ershad","year":"2026"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.12968\/bjon.2000.9.14.900","article-title":"Bladder washouts in the management of long-term catheters","volume":"9","author":"Evans","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br J Nurs"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-019-0357-1","article-title":"Drug repurposing for antimicrobial discovery","volume":"4","author":"Farha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib62","article-title":"Thioridazine","volume-title":"StatPearls","author":"Feinberg","year":"2026"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib63","first-page":"498","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of acetohydroxamic acid. Preliminary investigations","volume":"15","author":"Feldman","year":"1978","journal-title":"Invest Urol"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1135942","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1135942","article-title":"Auranofin coated catheters inhibit bacterial and fungal biofilms in a murine subcutaneous model","volume":"13","author":"Felix","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.3109\/03091902.2015.1085600","article-title":"Urinary catheters: history, current status, adverse events and research agenda","volume":"39","author":"Feneley","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Med Eng Technol"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1746","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2011.10753.x","article-title":"An indwelling urinary catheter for the 21st century","volume":"109","author":"Feneley","year":"2012","journal-title":"BJU Int"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD001944","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001944.pub2","article-title":"Thioridazine for schizophrenia","volume":"2007","author":"Fenton","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01927","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01927-22","article-title":"Flurofamide prevention and treatment of ureaplasma-induced hyperammonemia","volume":"10","author":"Fleming","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.5527\/wjn.v1.i6.151","article-title":"Proton pump inhibitor-induced hypomagnesemia: a new challenge","volume":"1","author":"Florentin","year":"2012","journal-title":"World J Nephrol"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1310\/sci2503-228","article-title":"Pathophysiology, treatment, and prevention of catheter-associated urinary tract infection","volume":"25","author":"Flores-Mireles","year":"2019","journal-title":"Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conctc.2018.08.001","article-title":"Factors associated with clinical trials that fail and opportunities for improving the likelihood of success: a review","volume":"11","author":"Fogel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Contemp Clin Trials Commun"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)71935-0","article-title":"A hemostatic bag catheter: a one piece latex rubber structure for control of bleeding and constant drainage following prostatic resection","volume":"38","author":"Foley","year":"1937","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2009.072595","article-title":"Ureases as a target for the treatment of gastric and urinary infections","volume":"63","author":"Follmer","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2019.02.010","article-title":"Antidepressant use in Denmark, Germany, Spain, and Sweden between 2009 and 2014: incidence and comorbidities of antidepressant initiators","volume":"249","author":"Forns","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/49.1.11","article-title":"Biocide abuse and antimicrobial resistance\u2014a cause for concern?","volume":"49","author":"Fraise","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1038\/s41429-024-00731-5","article-title":"Miconazole and phenothiazine hinder the quorum sensing regulated virulence in Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"77","author":"Gad","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Antibiot"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.3390\/life12060802","article-title":"Novel antimicrobial strategies to prevent biofilm infections in catheters after radical cystectomy: a pilot study","volume":"12","author":"Gaglione","year":"2022","journal-title":"Life"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2006.08.101","article-title":"Traditional foley drainage systems\u2014do they drain the bladder?","volume":"177","author":"Garcia","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"lxag092","DOI":"10.1093\/jambio\/lxag098","article-title":"A model of polymicrobial catheter-associated urinary tract infection reveals biofilm-mediated modulation of treatment efficacy","author":"Garratt","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"IAI.00652","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00652-20","article-title":"Polymicrobial interactions in the urinary tract: is the enemy of my enemy my friend?","volume":"11","author":"Gaston","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"001333","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.001333","article-title":"Role of bacterial efflux pumps in antibiotic resistance, virulence, and strategies to discover novel efflux pump inhibitors","volume":"169","author":"Gaurav","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2020.113894","article-title":"Drug repurposing in cardiovascular diseases: opportunity or hopeless dream?","volume-title":"Biochem Pharmacol","author":"Gelosa","year":"2020"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01846","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01846-16","article-title":"Repurposing toremifene for treatment of oral bacterial infections","volume":"61","author":"Gerits","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0128098","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0128098","article-title":"Statins and antimicrobial effects: simvastatin as a potential drug against Staphylococcus aureus biofilm","volume":"10","author":"Graziano","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-4295-3_69","article-title":"Urease: principal cause of infection stones","volume-title":"Urolithiasis Research","author":"Griffith","year":"1976"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuz017","article-title":"Do phenothiazines possess antimicrobial and efflux inhibitory properties?","volume":"43","author":"Grimsey","year":"2019","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-199855030-00012","article-title":"Raltitrexed","volume":"55","author":"Gunasekara","year":"1998","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"045010","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-605X\/aa7105","article-title":"Repurposing niclosamide as a versatile antimicrobial surface coating against device-associated, hospital-acquired bacterial infections","volume":"12","author":"Gwisai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed Mater"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1002\/ardp.201500019","article-title":"Plant-derived urease inhibitors as alternative chemotherapeutic agents","volume":"349","author":"Hassan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch Pharm (Weinheim)"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd.2017.178","article-title":"Trends in GPCR drug discovery: new agents, targets and indications","volume":"16","author":"Hauser","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.1989.tb06041.x","article-title":"Assessing the effectiveness of different urinary catheters in emptying the bladder: an application of transvaginal ultrasound","volume":"64","author":"Haylen","year":"1989","journal-title":"Br J Urol"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.1984.tb05382.x","article-title":"The composition of catheter encrustations, including the effects of allopurinol treatment","volume":"56","author":"Hedelin","year":"1984","journal-title":"Br J Urol"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib93","first-page":"2203","article-title":"Clinical pharmacokinetics of 5-fluorouracil and its metabolites in plasma, urine, and bile","volume":"47","author":"Heggie","year":"1987","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01393-12","article-title":"High \u03b2-Lactamase Levels Change the Pharmacodynamics of \u03b2-Lactam Antibiotics in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms","volume":"57","author":"Hengzhuang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2017.00273","article-title":"Giving drugs a second chance: overcoming regulatory and financial hurdles in repurposing approved drugs as cancer therapeutics","volume":"7","author":"Hernandez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkae409","article-title":"Model-informed drug development for antimicrobials: translational pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modelling of apramycin to facilitate prediction of efficacious dose in complicated urinary tract infections","volume":"80","author":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Lozano","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.325.7375.1253","article-title":"Arrhythmias and sudden death in patients taking antipsychotic drugs","volume":"325","author":"Herxheimer","year":"2002","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1111\/1574-6968.12451","article-title":"Evaluation of environmental scanning electron microscopy for analysis of Proteus mirabilis crystalline biofilms in situ on urinary catheters","volume":"355","author":"Holling","year":"2014","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Lett"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1616","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01652-13","article-title":"Elucidating the genetic basis of crystalline biofilm formation in Proteus mirabilis","volume":"82","author":"Holling","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01481","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.01481-23","article-title":"High efficacy treatment of murine Pseudomonas aeruginosa catheter-associated urinary tract infections using the c-di-GMP modulating anti-biofilm compound disperazol in combination with ciprofloxacin","volume":"68","author":"Hultqvist","year":"2024","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1099\/00222615-37-1-62","article-title":"Radiochemical assay to measure the biofilm produced by coagulase-negative staphylococci on solid surfaces and its use to quantitate the effects of various antibacterial compounds on the formation of the biofilm","volume":"37","author":"Hussain","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2016.0196","article-title":"From breast cancer to antimicrobial: combating extremely resistant Gram-negative \u201csuperbugs\u201d using novel combinations of polymyxin B with selective estrogen receptor modulators","volume":"23","author":"Hussein","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microb Drug Resist"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5097","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v25.i34.5097","article-title":"Optimizing proton pump inhibitors in Helicobacter pylori treatment: old and new tricks to improve effectiveness","volume":"25","author":"Ierardi","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.01952-12","article-title":"New life for an old drug: the anthelmintic drug niclosamide inhibits Pseudomonas aeruginosa quorum sensing","volume":"57","author":"Imperi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00019-07","article-title":"Complicated catheter-associated urinary tract infections due to Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis","volume":"21","author":"Jacobsen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00565-0","article-title":"The urothelium: a multi-faceted barrier against a harsh environment","volume":"15","author":"Jafari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkm496","article-title":"Unexpected antimicrobial effect of statins","volume":"61","author":"Jerwood","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1155\/2005\/781916","article-title":"Pain in the emergency department with one-week follow-up of pain resolution","volume":"10","author":"Johnston","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pain Res Manag"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.46123-0","article-title":"Role of swarming in the formation of crystalline Proteus mirabilis biofilms on urinary catheters","volume":"54","author":"Jones","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.47.2.719-726.2003","article-title":"Phenothiazines and thioxanthenes inhibit multidrug efflux pump activity in Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"47","author":"Kaatz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib111","first-page":"546","article-title":"Thioridazine Hydrochloride (Mellaril): its effect on the electrocardiogram and a report of two fatalities with electrocardiographic abnormalities","volume":"89","author":"Kelly","year":"1963","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc J"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib112","first-page":"48","article-title":"Trial of a new bladder washout system","volume":"80","author":"Kennedy","year":"1984","journal-title":"Nurs Times"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.05.035","article-title":"Cost effectiveness of antimicrobial catheters for adults requiring short-term catheterisation in hospital","volume":"66","author":"Kilonzo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/0195-6701(91)90142-U","article-title":"An assessment of antiseptic bladder washout solutions using a physical model of the catheterized bladder","volume":"18","author":"King","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00294496","article-title":"The effect of repeated instillations of antiseptics on catheter-associated urinary tract infections: a study in a physical model of the catheterized bladder","volume":"20","author":"King","year":"1992","journal-title":"Urol Res"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-410X.1996.09074.x","article-title":"Long-term catheterization of the bladder: prevalence and morbidity","volume":"77","author":"Kohler-Ockmore","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br J Urol"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1517\/13543776.2011.574615","article-title":"Urease inhibitors as potential drugs for gastric and urinary tract infections: a patent review","volume":"21","author":"Kosikowska","year":"2011","journal-title":"Expert Opin Ther Pat"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.embor.7400236","article-title":"Accelerating drug discovery","volume":"5","author":"Kraljevic","year":"2004","journal-title":"EMBO Rep"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-022-08272-z","article-title":"Drug repurposing: a systematic review on root causes, barriers and facilitators","volume":"22","author":"Krishnamurthy","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21666","DOI":"10.1039\/d5ra01781e","article-title":"Identification of prochlorperazine dimaleate as a Sortase a inhibitor from FDA libraries for MRSA infection treatment","volume":"15","author":"Kumar","year":"2025","journal-title":"RSC Adv"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.4103\/IJCIIS.IJCIIS_24_17","article-title":"Role of neomycin polymyxin sulfate solution bladder wash for prevention of catheter associated urinary tract infection in traumatic brain injury patient admitted to Intensive Care Unit: a prospective randomized study","volume":"8","author":"Kumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Crit Illn Inj Sci"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7376","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01310-08","article-title":"Inactivation of efflux pumps abolishes bacterial biofilm formation","volume":"74","author":"Kvist","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microb"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadr.2021.100205","article-title":"An analysis of antidepressant prescribing trends in England 2015\u20132019","volume-title":"J Affect Disord Rep","author":"Lalji","year":"2021"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/112_2015_22","article-title":"Properties of the urothelium that establish the blood\u2013urine barrier and their implications for drug delivery","volume-title":"Reviews of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology","author":"Lasi\u010d","year":"2015"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2004.12.013","article-title":"Materials for urinary catheters: a review of their history and development in the UK","volume":"27","author":"Lawrence","year":"2005","journal-title":"Med Eng Phys"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.59.3.1170-1171.1991","article-title":"Virulence of ureaplasmal urease for mice","volume":"59","author":"Ligon","year":"1991","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1746","DOI":"10.3892\/ijo.2016.3650","article-title":"Fluoxetine regulates cell growth inhibition of interferon-\u03b1","volume":"49","author":"Lin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Oncol"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727692","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.727692","article-title":"Antimicrobial, antibiofilm, and anti-persister activities of penfluridol against Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-6701(13)60012-2","article-title":"epic3: national evidence-based guidelines for preventing healthcare-associated infections in NHS hospitals in England","volume":"86","author":"Loveday","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.2147\/IMCRJ.S74563","article-title":"N-acetylcysteine overdose after acetaminophen poisoning","volume":"8","author":"Mahmoudi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int Med Case Rep J"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1381","DOI":"10.21769\/BioProtoc.1381","article-title":"In vitro dynamic model of a catheterized bladder and biofilm assay","volume":"5","author":"Maierl","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bio-Protoc"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1590\/S1517-83822010000300014","article-title":"An investigation on in vitro and in vivo antimicrobial properties of the antidepressant: amitriptyline hydrochloride","volume":"41","author":"Mandal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Braz J Microbiol"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkaa093","article-title":"The effect of N-acetylcysteine in a combined antibiofilm treatment against antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"75","author":"Manoharan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1216798","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1216798","article-title":"N-acetylcysteine prevents catheter occlusion and inflammation in catheter associated-urinary tract infections by suppressing urease activity","volume":"13","author":"Manoharan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10080900","article-title":"N-Acetylcysteine protects bladder epithelial cells from bacterial invasion and displays antibiofilm activity against urinary tract bacterial pathogens","volume":"10","author":"Manoharan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-8579(03)00232-2","article-title":"Effect of fosfomycin alone and in combination with N-acetylcysteine on E. coli biofilms","volume-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents","author":"Marchese","year":"2003"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2018.09.003","article-title":"Self-medication with over-the-counter analgesics: a survey of patient characteristics and concerns about pain medication","volume":"20","author":"Mehuys","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)53779-9","article-title":"Flurofamide: a potent inhibitor of bacterial urease with potential clinical utility in the treatment of infection induced urinary stones","volume":"127","author":"Millner","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5403","DOI":"10.1039\/C7TB01302G","article-title":"Prevention of encrustation and blockage of urinary catheters by Proteus mirabilis via pH-triggered release of bacteriophage","volume":"5","author":"Milo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Mater Chem B"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2016.02.059","article-title":"An in-situ infection detection sensor coating for urinary catheters","volume":"81","author":"Milo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biosens Bioelectron"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00041","article-title":"Drug repurposing for the treatment of bacterial and fungal Infections","volume":"10","author":"Mir\u00f3-Canturri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1080\/1061186X.2017.1419356","article-title":"Local drug delivery in the urinary tract: current challenges and opportunities","volume":"26","author":"Mittal","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Drug Target"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2014.09.001","article-title":"An overview on the potential of natural products as ureases inhibitors: a review","volume":"6","author":"Modolo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Adv Res, Drug Discovery"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens3020473","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of selected phytochemicals against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus and their biofilms","volume":"3","author":"Monte","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1007\/s003450050159","article-title":"The development of bacterial biofilms on indwelling urethral catheters","volume":"17","author":"Morris","year":"1999","journal-title":"World J Urol"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s002400050057","article-title":"The effect of urease inhibitors on the encrustation of urethral catheters","volume":"26","author":"Morris","year":"1998","journal-title":"Urol Res"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1086\/517386","article-title":"Mechanism of salicylate-mediated inhibition of biofilm in Staphylococcus epidermidis","volume":"177","author":"Muller","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib148","first-page":"4878","article-title":"Evaluation of antibacterial activity of amitriptyline hydrochloride","volume":"6","author":"Muthukumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Chem Tech Res"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.37.4.769","article-title":"Potent inhibitory action of the gastric proton pump inhibitor lansoprazole against urease activity of Helicobacter pylori: unique action selective for H. pylori cells","volume":"37","author":"Nagata","year":"1993","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.1977.tb00691.x","article-title":"Measurement of thioridazine in blood and urine","volume":"4","author":"Ng","year":"1977","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.4196\/kjpp.2021.25.3.189","article-title":"Fluoxetine affects cytosolic cAMP, ATP, Ca2+ responses to forskolin, and survival of human ovarian granulosa tumor COV434 cells","volume":"25","author":"Nguyen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Korean J Physiol Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2257","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12112257","article-title":"5-Fluorouracil inhibits bacterial growth and reduces biofilm in addition to having synergetic effects with gentamicin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"12","author":"Niazy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1584479","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1584479","article-title":"Effect of 5-fluorouracil on Pseudomonas aeruginosa: impact on virulence, biofilm formation, and bacterial growth","volume":"16","author":"Niazy","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/2047-2994-3-23","article-title":"Catheter associated urinary tract infections","volume":"3","author":"Nicolle","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob Resist Infect Control"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings10121230","article-title":"Laser-irradiated chlorpromazine as a potent anti-biofilm agent for coating of biomedical devices","volume":"10","author":"Nistorescu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Coatings"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1038\/534314a","article-title":"Can you teach old drugs new tricks?","volume":"534","author":"Nosengo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2012.01.032","article-title":"Salicylic acid-releasing polyurethane acrylate polymers as anti-biofilm urological catheter coatings","volume":"8","author":"Nowatzki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Biomater"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-44095-0","article-title":"Microbial co-occurrences on catheters from long-term catheterized patients","volume":"15","author":"Nye","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02685-15","article-title":"Bacteriophage can prevent encrustation and blockage of urinary catheters by Proteus mirabilis","volume":"60","author":"Nzakizwanayo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-9601-8_14","article-title":"An in vitro bladder model for studying catheter-associated urinary tract infection and associated analysis of biofilms","volume":"2021","author":"Nzakizwanayo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12222","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-12445-w","article-title":"Fluoxetine and thioridazine inhibit efflux and attenuate crystalline biofilm formation by Proteus mirabilis","volume":"7","author":"Nzakizwanayo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.13.4.534","article-title":"Classification, Identification, and Clinical Significance of Proteus, Providencia, and Morganella","volume":"13","author":"O\u2019Hara","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-018-0539-0","article-title":"Anti-Candida activity of antidepressants sertraline and fluoxetine: effect upon pre-formed biofilms","volume":"207","author":"Oliveira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med Microbiol Immunol (Berl)"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2019.01.046","article-title":"Repurposing ibuprofen to control Staphylococcus aureus biofilms","volume":"166","author":"Oliveira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Med Chem"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-015-1144-z","article-title":"Effect of thioridazine on antioxidant status of HEMn-DP melanocytes","volume":"388","author":"Otr\u0119ba","year":"2015","journal-title":"Naunyn-Schmiedeb Arch Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1186\/s12894-020-00650-1","article-title":"Tolerability and safety of urotainer\u00ae polihexanide 0.02% in catheterized patients: a prospective cohort study","volume":"20","author":"Pannek","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Urol"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2010.03892.x","article-title":"5-Fluorouracil-based chemotherapy for colorectal cancer and MTHFR\/MTRR genotypes","volume":"72","author":"Pardini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2020.10.010","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in drug discovery and development","volume":"26","author":"Paul","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Discov Today"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2014.05.006","article-title":"Medical management of kidney stones: AUA guideline","volume":"192","author":"Pearle","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-102-4-550","article-title":"Niclosamide therapy for Tapeworm infections","volume":"102","author":"Pearson","year":"1985","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2007.11.010","article-title":"Comparison of multiple methods for quantification of microbial biofilms grown in microtiter plates","volume":"72","author":"Peeters","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Microbiol Methods"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01535","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01535-19","article-title":"Derepression of the smvA efflux system arises in clinical isolates of Proteus mirabilis and reduces susceptibility to chlorhexidine and other biocides","volume":"63","author":"Pelling","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1111\/lam.13144","article-title":"Bacterial biofilm formation on indwelling urethral catheters","volume":"68","author":"Pelling","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lett Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3310\/hta16470","article-title":"Types of urethral catheter for reducing symptomatic urinary tract infections in hospitalised adults requiring short-term catheterisation: multicentre randomised controlled trial and economic evaluation of antimicrobial-and antiseptic-impregnated urethral catheters (the CATHETER trial)","volume":"16","author":"Pickard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Health Technol Assess"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.19.2.382-402.2006","article-title":"Clinically relevant chromosomally encoded multidrug resistance efflux pumps in bacteria","volume":"19","author":"Piddock","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-49-9-831","article-title":"Antifungal activity of ibuprofen alone and in combination with fluconazole against Candida species","volume":"49","author":"Pina-Vaz","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.4062\/biomolther.2019.103","article-title":"Fluoxetine simultaneously induces both apoptosis and autophagy in human gastric adenocarcinoma cells","volume":"28","author":"Po","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomol Ther (Seoul)"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.12968\/bjon.2004.13.5.12450","article-title":"Using bladder instillations to manage indwelling catheters","volume":"13","author":"Pomfret","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br J Nurs"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1018884322973","article-title":"Effect of potent urease inhibitor, fluorofamide, on Helicobacter sp. in vivo and in vitro","volume":"43","author":"Pope","year":"1998","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.4103\/aihb.aihb_9_23","article-title":"Repurposing the anti-depression drug sertraline against catheter-associated urinary tract infections","volume":"13","author":"Poyil","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv Hum Biol"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd.2018.168","article-title":"Drug repurposing: progress, challenges and recommendations","volume":"18","author":"Pushpakom","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00544364","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of acetohydroxamic acid in patients with staghorn renal calculi","volume":"28","author":"Putcha","year":"1985","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0124595","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0124595","article-title":"Repurposing salicylanilide anthelmintic drugs to combat drug resistant Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"10","author":"Rajamuthiah","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"fnv049","DOI":"10.1093\/femsle\/fnv049","article-title":"Allicin from garlic inhibits the biofilm formation and urease activity of Proteus mirabilis in vitro","volume":"362","author":"Ranjbar-Omid","year":"2015","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Lett"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2025.104390","article-title":"Therapeutic innovation in drug repurposing: Challenges and opportunities","volume":"30","author":"Recino","year":"2025","journal-title":"Drug Dicov Today"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1315238","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1315238","article-title":"Efflux pumps as potential targets for biofilm inhibition","volume":"15","author":"Ren","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1971.03190180058020","article-title":"Thioridazine and Incontinence","volume":"218","author":"Renshaw","year":"1971","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/s10029-013-1200-x","article-title":"The impact of diclofenac and ibuprofen on biofilm formation on the surface of polypropylene mesh","volume":"19","author":"Re\u015bli\u0144ski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hernia"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb-2022-0254","article-title":"Sertraline has fungicidal activity against Candida spp. and acts by inhibiting membrane and cell wall biosynthesis","volume":"18","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2023","journal-title":"Future Microbiol"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(83)90934-1","article-title":"A clinical evaluation of a modified Foley catheter","volume":"146","author":"Rubino","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-016-0718-z","article-title":"Effective and safe proton pump inhibitor therapy in acid-related diseases\u2014a position paper addressing benefits and potential harms of acid suppression","volume-title":"BMC Med","author":"Scarpignato","year":"2016"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1464484","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1464484","article-title":"The effect of three urease inhibitors on H. pylori viability, urease activity and urease gene expression","volume":"15","author":"Shaalan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e013842","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-013842","article-title":"Variation in the prevalence of urinary catheters: a profile of National Health Service patients in England","volume":"7","author":"Shackley","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.4103\/2045-9912.229599","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of N-acetyl-cysteine for prophylaxis of ventilator-associated pneumonia: a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"8","author":"Sharafkhah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med Gas Res"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.14443","article-title":"Antibiofilm efficacy of the gold compound auranofin on dual species biofilms of Staphylococcus aureus and Candida sp","volume":"128","author":"She","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004012.pub5","article-title":"Washout policies in long-term indwelling urinary catheterisation in adults","volume-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev","author":"Shepherd","year":"2017"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.9224","article-title":"Recent advances in drug repositioning for the discovery of new anticancer drugs","volume":"10","author":"Shim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2990","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02990","article-title":"Inhibiting bacterial drug efflux pumps via phyto-therapeutics to combat threatening antimicrobial resistance","volume":"9","author":"Shriram","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb-2019-0092","article-title":"Chlorpromazine-impregnated catheters as a potential strategy to control biofilm-associated urinary tract infections","volume":"14","author":"Sidrim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Future Microbiol"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2017.04.008","article-title":"In vitro anti-Candida activity of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors against fluconazole-resistant strains and their activity against biofilm-forming isolates","volume":"107","author":"Silva","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3250","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.15843","article-title":"Niclosamide\u2014a promising treatment for COVID-19","volume":"179","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2025.102225","article-title":"Urinary catheters: state of the art and future perspectives\u2014a narrative review","volume":"34","author":"Skok","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mater Today Bio"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"lxad121","DOI":"10.1093\/jambio\/lxad121","article-title":"Infection responsive coatings to reduce biofilm formation and encrustation of urinary catheters","volume":"134","author":"Slate","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2569","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.15456","article-title":"N-acetylcysteine as a new prominent approach for treating psychiatric disorders","volume":"178","author":"Smaga","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2005.04.007","article-title":"Biofilms and antibiotic therapy: is there a role for combating bacterial resistance by the use of novel drug delivery systems?","volume":"57","author":"Smith","year":"2005","journal-title":"Adv Drug Deliv Rev"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2019.04.010","article-title":"Epidemiology and health-economic burden of urinary-catheter-associated infection in English NHS hospitals: a probabilistic modelling study","volume":"103","author":"Smith","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00300077","article-title":"Proteus mirabilis biofilms and the encrustation of urethral catheters","volume":"21","author":"Stickler","year":"1993","journal-title":"Urol Res"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/0195-6701(87)90029-6","article-title":"The resistance of urinary tract pathogens to chlorhexidine bladder washouts","volume":"10","author":"Stickler","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2010.32","article-title":"The encrustation and blockage of long-term indwelling bladder catheters: a way forward in prevention and control","volume":"48","author":"Stickler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/s0076-6879(99)10037-5","article-title":"Simple physical model to study formation and physiology of biofilms on urethral catheters","volume":"310","author":"Stickler","year":"1999","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/0195-6701(94)90101-5","article-title":"Complications of urinary tract infections associated with devices used for long-term bladder management","volume":"28","author":"Stickler","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.27.4.284","article-title":"Chlorhexidine resistance in Proteus mirabilis","volume":"27","author":"Stickler","year":"1974","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpuro1231","article-title":"Bacterial biofilms in patients with indwelling urinary catheters","volume":"5","author":"Stickler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Clin Pract Urol"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12220","article-title":"Clinical complications of urinary catheters caused by crystalline biofilms: something needs to be done","volume":"276","author":"Stickler","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib215","first-page":"811","article-title":"Effect of omeprazole on Helicobacter pylori urease activity in vivo","volume":"8","author":"Stoschus","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib216","first-page":"154","article-title":"Fluoxetine Overdose-Induced Seizure","volume":"9","author":"Suchard","year":"2008","journal-title":"West J Emerg Med"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib217","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1054\/tuld.1999.0212","article-title":"Antituberculosis activity of certain antifungal and antihelmintic drugs","volume":"79","author":"Sun","year":"1999","journal-title":"Tuber Lung Dis"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"dkag091","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkag091","article-title":"Experimental biofilm models for pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic investigations: bridging in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo systems","volume":"81","author":"Supparitsch","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib219","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9193","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26189193","article-title":"Catheter-associated urinary tract infections: understanding the interplay between bacterial biofilm and antimicrobial resistance","volume":"26","author":"Tegegne","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobme.2022.100394","article-title":"Recent advances in antimicrobial surfaces for urinary catheters","volume":"22","author":"Teixeira-Santos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Opin Biomed Eng"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib221","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10060967","article-title":"N-Acetylcysteine (NAC): impacts on Human Health","volume-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)","author":"Ten\u00f3rio","year":"2021"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1057\/jcb.2008.11","article-title":"New pharmaceutical product development: barriers to overcome and opportunities to exploit","volume":"14","author":"Terblanche","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Commer Biotechnol"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s12575-019-0106-0","article-title":"MBEC Versus MBIC: the lack of differentiation between biofilm reducing and inhibitory effects as a current problem in biofilm methodology","volume":"21","author":"Thieme","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol Proced Online"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib224","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.12.002","article-title":"Providing chronic pain management in the \u201cFifth Vital Sign\u201d Era: historical and treatment perspectives on a modern-day medical dilemma","volume":"173","author":"Tompkins","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib225","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2188","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)09096-7","article-title":"Drug development for neglected diseases: a deficient market and a public-health policy failure","volume":"359","author":"Trouiller","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet Lond Engl"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib226","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e4761","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.4761","article-title":"Repurposing drugs to fast-track therapeutic agents for the treatment of cryptococcosis","volume":"6","author":"Truong","year":"2018","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib227","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2005.03.013","article-title":"Frequent analgesic use at population level: prevalence and patterns of use","volume":"115","author":"Turunen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib228","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1021\/mp060001j","article-title":"Recent Advances in Intravesical Drug\/Gene Delivery","volume":"3","author":"Tyagi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol Pharm"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib229","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-7915.2008.00060.x","article-title":"Uracil influences quorum sensing and biofilm formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and fluorouracil is an antagonist","volume":"2","author":"Ueda","year":"2009","journal-title":"Microb Biotechnol"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib230","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2007.11.048","article-title":"Simultaneous determination of citalopram, fluoxetine and their main metabolites in human urine samples by solid-phase microextraction coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography","volume":"46","author":"Unceta","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Pharm Biomed Anal"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib231","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.11.023","article-title":"Screening a repurposing library for potentiators of antibiotics against Staphylococcus aureus biofilms","volume":"49","author":"Van\u00a0den\u00a0Driessche","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib232","first-page":"643","article-title":"Thymidylate synthase level as the main predictive parameter for sensitivity to 5-fluorouracil, but not for folate-based thymidylate synthase inhibitors, in 13 nonselected colon cancer cell lines","volume":"5","author":"Van\u00a0Triest","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1172271","DOI":"10.3389\/fruro.2023.1172271","article-title":"Bladder irrigation with tap water to reduce antibiotic treatment for catheter-associated urinary tract infections: an evaluation of clinical practice","volume":"3","author":"van\u00a0Veen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Urol"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.12431","article-title":"Topical simvastatin promotes healing of Staphylococcus aureus-contaminated cutaneous wounds","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int Wound J"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib235","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.52.4.490","article-title":"Aspirin inhibits the growth of Helicobacter pylori and enhances its susceptibility to antimicrobial agents","volume":"52","author":"Wang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib236","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/146.6.719","article-title":"A prospective microbiologic study of bacteriuria in patients with chronic indwelling urethral catheters","volume":"146","author":"Warren","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib237","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/s0924-8579(00)00359-9","article-title":"Catheter-associated urinary tract infections","volume":"17","author":"Warren","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib238","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkg050","article-title":"The importance of efflux pumps in bacterial antibiotic resistance","volume":"51","author":"Webber","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2224","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.13893","article-title":"Vital Signs: preventing Antibiotic-Resistant Infections in Hospitals\u2014United States, 2014","volume-title":"Am J Transplant","author":"Weiner","year":"2016"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib240","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-023-02502-9","article-title":"Unlocking hidden potential: advancements, approaches, and obstacles in repurposing drugs for cancer therapy","volume":"130","author":"Weth","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib241","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198409203111203","article-title":"A randomized double-blind study of acetohydroxamic acid in struvite nephrolithiasis","volume":"311","author":"Williams","year":"1984","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib242","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2471\/B09474","volume-title":"The selection and use of essential medicines, 2025: WHO Model List of Essential Medicines, 24th list","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2025"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib243","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.24612","article-title":"Review of drug repositioning approaches and resources","volume":"14","author":"Xue","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2096","DOI":"10.1039\/C5MB00306G","article-title":"Protein localization vector propagation: a method for improving the accuracy of drug repositioning","volume":"11","author":"Yeu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol Biosyst"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib245","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e47437","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.47437","article-title":"The pH of drinking water and its effect on the pH of urine","volume":"15","author":"Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1865","DOI":"10.1517\/14740338.2015.1100604","article-title":"Risks associated with drug treatments for kidney stones","volume":"14","author":"York","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Saf"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib247","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens5010015","article-title":"Neutrophil migration into the infected uroepithelium is regulated by the crosstalk between resident and helper macrophages","volume":"5","author":"Zec","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1148","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.1148","article-title":"Drug repurposing: antimicrobial and antibiofilm effects of penfluridol against Enterococcus faecalis","volume":"10","author":"Zeng","year":"2021","journal-title":"MicrobiologyOpen"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib249","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16020170","article-title":"Bacterial efflux pump inhibitors reduce antibiotic resistance","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13060528","article-title":"Deciphering the antibacterial mechanisms of 5-Fluorouracil in Escherichia coli through biochemical and transcriptomic analyses","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib251","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3312","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkac319","article-title":"Niclosamide as a repurposing drug against Gram-positive bacterial infections","volume":"77","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib252","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1137947","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1137947","article-title":"Understanding bacterial biofilms: from definition to treatment strategies","volume":"13","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib253","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-10-140","article-title":"N-acetylcysteine inhibit biofilms produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"10","author":"Zhao","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib254","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1801242","DOI":"10.1002\/admi.201801242","article-title":"Theranostic Infection-Responsive Coating to in Situ Detect and Prevent Urinary Catheter Blockage","volume":"5","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv Mater Interfaces"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib255","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.11201016","article-title":"Effectiveness of treatment modalities on kidney stone recurrence","volume":"12","author":"Zisman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2026092506430652300_bib256","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.01513","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic\/Pharmacodynamic Correlation of Cefquinome Against Experimental Catheter-Associated Biofilm Infection Due to Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"6","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Applied Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jambio\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jambio\/lxag139\/68537597\/lxag139.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jambio\/article-pdf\/137\/7\/lxag139\/68537597\/lxag139.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jambio\/article-pdf\/137\/7\/lxag139\/68537597\/lxag139.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T10:43:20Z","timestamp":1790333000000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jambio\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/jambio\/lxag139\/8709294"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]]},"references-count":256,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jambio\/lxag139","relation":{},"ISSN":["1365-2672"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1365-2672","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]]},"article-number":"lxag139"}}