{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T11:10:04Z","timestamp":1790334604138,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"http:\/\/www.nationalarchives.gov.uk\/doc\/open-government-licence\/version\/3\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"UKHSA Grant-in-Aid"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fumigation of biological safety cabinets (BSCs) is essential for their safe use, maintenance, and quality assurance of work performed. Hydrogen peroxide (HP) is frequently used as an alternative fumigant to formaldehyde, applied either at high concentrations (&amp;gt;30%) in vapour phase, or low concentrations (5%\u201312%) as an aerosol (aHP). There is, however, limited evidence on the efficacy of low-concentration aerosolized HP (aHP) fumigation to inactivate microorganisms within BSCs. This study evaluates the antimicrobial efficacy of aHP within a BSC III, comparing fumigation cycle parameters against a range of microorganisms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Biological indicators (BIs) were prepared by inoculating stainless steel coupons with either Geobacillus stearothermophilus spores, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), or Mycobacterium fortuitum. BIs were placed within a BSC III and fumigated with one or six diffusion cycles of aHP, with one diffusion cycle recommended for routine decontamination and six diffusion cycles advised for pre-maintenance decontamination, providing increased aHP quantity and exposure time. Fumigation with one aHP diffusion achieved a\u00a0&amp;gt;\u00a06 log10 reduction in G. stearothermophilus spore CFU, with 2.24 and 0.46 log10 average reductions for MRSA and M. fortuitum, respectively. Six-diffusion fumigation achieved significantly reduced CFU counts for all microorganisms (average log10 reductions of 7.05, 5.25, and 5.26 for G. stearothermophilus, MRSA, and M. fortuitum, respectively). Incomplete BI inactivation was, however, observed for all microorganisms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Increased aHP diffusion cycles enhanced microbial reductions; however, complete elimination of microorganisms was not observed. BIs, which represent likely contaminated microorganisms should be used when validating fumigation effectiveness.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jambio\/lxag154","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T12:51:55Z","timestamp":1783083115000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Investigating the antimicrobial efficacy of two aerosolized hydrogen peroxide fumigation cycles for biological safety cabinet decontamination"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"137","author":[{"given":"Sam","family":"Watkin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biosafety, Air and Water Microbiology Group, UK Health Security Agency , Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JG ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean","family":"Collins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biosafety, Air and Water Microbiology Group, UK Health Security Agency , Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JG ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hineshaben","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biosafety, Air and Water Microbiology Group, UK Health Security Agency , Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JG ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jay","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biosafety, Air and Water Microbiology Group, UK Health Security Agency , Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JG ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Parks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biosafety, Air and Water Microbiology Group, UK Health Security Agency , Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JG ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Pottage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biosafety, Air and Water Microbiology Group, UK Health Security Agency , Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JG ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026092506411188000_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1177\/153567601101600303","article-title":"Comparison of multiple systems for laboratory whole room fumigation","volume":"16","author":"Beswick","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl Biosaf"},{"key":"2026092506411188000_bib2","volume-title":"Biotechnology\u2014performance criteria for microbiological safety cabinets [Internet]. BS EN 12469:2000","author":"British Standards Institution","year":"2000"},{"key":"2026092506411188000_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1177\/153567601101600104","article-title":"A discussion of biological safety cabinet decontamination methods: formaldehyde, chlorine dioxide, and vapor phase hydrogen peroxide","volume":"16","author":"Czarneski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl Biosaf"},{"key":"2026092506411188000_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2108","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkq308","article-title":"Mode of action of hydrogen peroxide and other oxidizing agents: differences between liquid and gas forms","volume":"65","author":"Finnegan","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2026092506411188000_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2011.11.019","article-title":"Efficacy, efficiency and safety aspects of hydrogen peroxide vapour and aerosolized hydrogen peroxide room disinfection systems","volume":"80","author":"Fu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"2026092506411188000_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01797-06","article-title":"Use of hydrogen peroxide vapor for deactivation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a biological safety cabinet and a room","volume":"45","author":"Hall","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2026092506411188000_bib7","article-title":"Formaldehyde.... its safe use in foundries. [Internet]","author":"Health and Safety Executive"},{"key":"2026092506411188000_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1086\/661104","article-title":"A head-to-head comparison of hydrogen peroxide vapor and aerosol room decontamination systems","volume":"32","author":"Holmdahl","year":"2011","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026092506411188000_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1177\/1535676020921007","article-title":"The Hitchhiker\u2019s guide to hydrogen peroxide fumigation, part 1: introduction to hydrogen peroxide fumigation","volume":"25","author":"K\u00fcmin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl Biosaf J Am Biol Saf Assoc"},{"key":"2026092506411188000_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5728","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01030-13","article-title":"Transfer efficiency of bacteria and viruses from porous and nonporous fomites to fingers under different relative humidity conditions","volume":"79","author":"Lopez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microb"},{"key":"2026092506411188000_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1111\/lam.12607","article-title":"Evaluating different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide in an automated room disinfection system","volume":"63","author":"Murdoch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lett Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"2026092506411188000_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2004.04078.x","article-title":"Role of KatG catalase-peroxidase in mycobacterial pathogenesis: countering the phagocyte oxidative burst","volume":"52","author":"Ng","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"2026092506411188000_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1177\/1535676017705644","article-title":"Cabinet decontamination using formaldehyde","volume":"22","author":"Ngabo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl Biosaf"},{"key":"2026092506411188000_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-8-100","article-title":"Transcriptional analysis of Mycobacterium fortuitum cultures upon hydrogen peroxide treatment using the novel standard rrnA-P1","volume":"8","author":"N\u00fa\u00f1ez","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"2026092506411188000_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.14461","article-title":"Hazard group 3 agent decontamination using hydrogen peroxide vapour in a class III microbiological safety cabinet","volume":"128","author":"Pottage","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"2026092506411188000_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2011.11.001","article-title":"Meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is more resistant to vaporized hydrogen peroxide than commercial Geobacillus stearothermophilus biological indicators","volume":"80","author":"Pottage","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"2026092506411188000_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2009.08.020","article-title":"Evaluation of hydrogen peroxide gaseous disinfection systems to decontaminate viruses","volume":"74","author":"Pottage","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"2026092506411188000_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2007.03332.x","article-title":"Formaldehyde gas inactivation of Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus subtilis, and Geobacillus stearothermophilus spores on indoor surface materials","volume":"103","author":"Rogers","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"2026092506411188000_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1184784","article-title":"Tuberculosis: what we don\u2019t know can, and does, hurt us","volume":"328","author":"Russell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026092506411188000_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1177\/1535676020909998","article-title":"Comparing the efficacy of formaldehyde with hydrogen peroxide fumigation on infectious bronchitis virus","volume":"25","author":"Stuart","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl Biosaf"}],"container-title":["Journal of Applied Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jambio\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jambio\/lxag154\/68690965\/lxag154.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jambio\/article-pdf\/137\/7\/lxag154\/68690965\/lxag154.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jambio\/article-pdf\/137\/7\/lxag154\/68690965\/lxag154.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T10:41:21Z","timestamp":1790332881000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jambio\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/jambio\/lxag154\/8724103"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jambio\/lxag154","relation":{},"ISSN":["1365-2672"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1365-2672","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"article-number":"lxag154"}}