{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T11:10:07Z","timestamp":1790334607676,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017700","name":"Henan Provincial Science and Technology Research Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2421021110451"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2421021110451"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017700","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Multidrug-resistant Citrobacter freundii, particularly isolates carrying extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamases and carbapenemases are increasingly difficult to treat in clinical settings. To explore alternatives to antibiotics, we isolated a novel lytic bacteriophage from hospital wastewater in Zhengzhou and designated it vB_Cf_HW01.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>TEM revealed a siphovirus with a 50\u00a0nm capsid and 160\u00a0nm tail. Genomic analysis identified vB_Cf_HW01 as a novel Drexlerviridae species. Our results indicated an optimal MOI of 0.001, defined as the initial infection ratio that yielded the highest progeny titer. The lysis curve showed that vB_Cf_HW01 effectively inhibited host cell proliferation at this low MOI. Adsorption kinetics and one-step growth assays showed 97.17% adsorption within 14\u00a0min, a 10\u00a0min latent period, and a burst size of 256 PFU cell\u22121. The phage remained stable from \u221220 to 60\u00b0C and pH 4 to 10, resisted chloroform exposure, and retained residual infectivity after 90 min of UV irradiation. Sequencing revealed a 49\u2009563 bp linear dsDNA genome (Accession: PX694430.1) containing 94 open reading frames. Genomic analysis identified no known virulence or antibiotic resistance genes. CLSM with live\/dead staining showed severe disruption of mature C. freundii biofilms after 12 h of vB_Cf_HW01 treatment. Live cell coverage decreased from 9.17 \u00b1 0.70% to 3.03 \u00b1 0.92%, whereas dead cells increased from 0.14 \u00b1 0.01% to 7.87 \u00b1 0.18%. In an in vivo Galleria mellonella infection model, a single phage dose (MOI 10) rescued 36.67% of infected larvae.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thus, vB_Cf_HW01 is a promising candidate against drug-resistant C. freundii infections.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jambio\/lxag160","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T15:58:19Z","timestamp":1782921499000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Isolation, genomic analysis, and evaluation of the novel lytic phage vB_Cf_HW01: potent antibiofilm activity and therapeutic efficacy against a clinical isolate of\n                    <i>Citrobacter freundii<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"137","author":[{"given":"Siwei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food and Biological 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