{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T11:10:44Z","timestamp":1790334644417,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Precise characterization of Escherichia coli isolates plays a crucial role in the treatment and prevention of diseases in animal production. The classical diagnostic approach to define pathotypes of E. coli relies on detection of virulence genes. However, by targeting a limited set of genetic markers, routine Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)-based approaches may hinder the detection of atypical pathogenic isolates, especially in bacteria with high genomic plasticity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Genomic approaches were used to characterize a hybrid ETEC\/ExPEC E. coli strain isolated from lambs submitted for necropsy over the course of six months, during an investigation of persistent neonatal mortality. Most lambs submitted for necropsy showed lesions suggestive of a septicemia. Routine PCR analysis detected genes encoding two ETEC-associated toxins but none of the ExPEC-associated virulence genes commonly targeted in routine diagnostics. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) revealed a diverse set of virulence genes, consistent with the hybrid nature of the strain. Genes encoding toxins were located on plasmids, while ExPEC-associated virulence factors were found to be chromosomally encoded. Genomic analyses revealed rapid antimicrobial resistance evolution, driven by plasmid acquisition.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This case highlights how horizontal gene transfer promotes the development of hybrid pathotype and facilitates resistance genes acquisition, compromising traditional diagnostic approaches and treatment. ExPEC strains are particularly difficult to identify due to their diverse and ill-defined virulence markers, which are not always targeted by standard genotyping tests. Emergence of atypical E. coli strains such as those with hybrid pathotypes reinforces the need for more comprehensive methods such as WGS in veterinary diagnostics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jambio\/lxag186","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T11:54:26Z","timestamp":1784807666000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Plasmid-driven evolution of a multi-drug resistant ETEC\/ExPEC hybrid\n                    <i>E. coli<\/i>\n                    associated with neonatal septicemia in lambs, a challenge for veterinary diagnostics"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"137","author":[{"given":"Maud","family":"de\u00a0Lagarde","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"WOAH Reference Laboratory for E. coli, Centre de diagnostic v\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al (CDVUM), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al , Sicotte 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de diagnostic v\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al (CDVUM), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al , Sicotte Street,Saint-Hyacinthe,J2S 2M2 ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Laboratoire de sant\u00e9 animale, Minist\u00e8re de l\u2019Agriculture, des P\u00eacheries et de l\u2019Alimentation du Qu\u00e9bec (MAPAQ) , Sicotte Street,Saint-Hyacinthe,J2S 2M2 ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominique","family":"Fournier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de sant\u00e9 animale, Minist\u00e8re de l\u2019Agriculture, des P\u00eacheries et de l\u2019Alimentation du Qu\u00e9bec (MAPAQ) , Sicotte Street,Saint-Hyacinthe,J2S 2M2 ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabian","family":"Guiraud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP) and Swine and 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