{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T15:07:55Z","timestamp":1788966475900,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial \u201cSannong Jiufang\u201d Agricultural Science and Technology Collaboration Program","award":["2024SNJF053"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024SNJF053"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The yellow catfish, Pelteobagrus fulvidraco, is a major aquaculture species in China, but its intensive farming is threatened by bacterial diseases, particularly those caused by Edwardsiella ictaluri. The overuse of antibiotics to control these infections has led to concerns about resistance and environmental safety. This study aimed to isolate and characterize a novel antagonistic bacterial strain as a potential probiotic for sustainable disease management in P. fulvidraco aquaculture.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this study, a novel antagonistic bacterial strain, designated K, was isolated from soil samples collected on the East Lake Campus of Zhejiang A &amp; F University. Through a polyphasic taxonomic approach, including morphological observation, physiological and biochemical assays, and 16S rDNA gene phylogenetic analysis, strain K was identified as Bacillus stratosphericus. The strain exhibited significant antagonistic activity against E. ictaluri, Citrobacter freundii, and Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae. Optimal growth was observed at pH 6.4, 28\u00b0C, and 1.2% NaCl, indicating good adaptation to typical aquaculture conditions. Moreover, the strain showed broad susceptibility to commonly used antibiotics, supporting its potential safety as a probiotic candidate. Antagonistic substances extracted from the culture supernatant remained stable under various pH and temperature conditions, though their activity was affected by metal ions. In a challenge experiment, immersion in a suspension of B. stratosphericus K significantly enhanced the survival rate of P. fulvidraco following challenge with E. ictaluri.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Bacillus stratosphericus K was found to be a promising probiotic candidate with significant protective effects against E. ictaluri infection in P. fulvidraco aquaculture, highlighting its potential for sustainable disease management.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jambio\/lxag216","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T12:03:56Z","timestamp":1788264236000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Isolation and characterization of\n                    <i>Bacillus stratosphericus<\/i>\n                    K as a sustainable probiotic for biocontrol of\n                    <i>Edwardsiella ictaluri<\/i>\n                    in\n                    <i>Pelteobagrus fulvidraco<\/i>\n                    aquaculture"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"137","author":[{"given":"Bingchun","family":"Jin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Environment and Resources, Zhejiang A & F University , Lin\u2019an 311300 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Zhejiang key Laboratory of Soil Remediation and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang A & F University , Lin\u2019an 311300 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3031-9875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fangbo","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Environment and Resources, Zhejiang A & F University , Lin\u2019an 311300 ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Zhejiang key Laboratory of Soil Remediation and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang A & F University , Lin\u2019an 311300 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090908570423400_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2109.2009.02172.x","article-title":"Effect of potential probiotic bacteria on growth and survival of tilapia Oreochromis niloticus L., cultured in the laboratory under high density and suboptimum temperature","volume":"40","author":"Ap\u00fan-Molina","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aquac Res"},{"key":"2026090908570423400_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.13691","article-title":"Pathology and virulence of Edwardsiella tarda, Edwardsiella piscicida, and Edwardsiella anguillarum in channel (Ictalurus punctatus), blue (Ictalurus furcatus), and channel \u00d7 blue hybrid catfish","volume":"45","author":"Armwood","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Fish Dis"},{"key":"2026090908570423400_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2015.11.005","article-title":"Methods for in vitro evaluating antimicrobial activity: a review","volume":"6","author":"Balouiri","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pharm Anal"},{"key":"2026090908570423400_bib4","first-page":"1","article-title":"Identification of an Achlya klebsiana isolate as the causal agent of saprolegniosis in eggs of yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) and control with herbal extracts","volume":"65","author":"Cao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Isr J Aquacult-bamid"},{"key":"2026090908570423400_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2016.04.011","article-title":"Importance of prebiotics in aquaculture as immunostimulants. Effects on immune system of Sparus aurata and Dicentrarchus labrax","volume":"54","author":"Carbone","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol"},{"key":"2026090908570423400_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10091205","article-title":"Mediterranean aquaculture in a changing climate: temperature effects on pathogens and diseases of three farmed fish species","volume":"10","author":"Cascarano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"2026090908570423400_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2122","DOI":"10.7541\/2024.2024.0079","article-title":"Identification and application potential of Bacillus altitudinis Yab4 antagonistic against Edwardsiella ictaluri","volume":"48","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Hydrobiol Sin"},{"key":"2026090908570423400_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7087","DOI":"10.1007\/s10499-024-01503-6","article-title":"In-water Bacillus species probiotic improved water quality, growth, hemato-biochemical profile, immune regulatory genes and resistance of Nile tilapia to Aspergillus flavus infection","volume":"32","author":"Eissa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aquacult Int"},{"key":"2026090908570423400_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2023.129784","article-title":"Impacts of environmental factors and freshwater discharges from multiple river outlets on estuarine salinity variation in rainy season: a case study of the Pearl River Estuary in China","volume":"623","author":"Feng","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Hydrol"},{"key":"2026090908570423400_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2636","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12152636","article-title":"Synthesis of eco-friendly silver nanoparticles using glycyrrhizin and evaluation of their antibacterial ability","volume":"12","author":"Feng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"key":"2026090908570423400_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2020.11.030","article-title":"Immunogenicity study of OmpU subunit vaccine against Vibrio mimicus in yellow catfish, Pelteobagrus fulvidraco","volume-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol","author":"Fu","year":"2021"},{"key":"2026090908570423400_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-31-4-396","article-title":"Edwardsiella ictaluri sp. nov., the causative agent of enteric septicemia of catfish","volume":"31","author":"Hawke","year":"1981","journal-title":"Int J Syst Bacteriol"},{"key":"2026090908570423400_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-307208-5.50009-X","article-title":"The Halobacteriaceae","volume-title":"The Bacteria, a Treatise on Structure and Function","author":"Kushner","year":"1985"},{"key":"2026090908570423400_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108480","article-title":"Virulence, genomic features, and antimicrobial resistance of a highly virulent Streptococcus iniae ST4 from diseased yellow catfish","volume":"215","author":"Lan","year":"2026","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"2026090908570423400_bib15","first-page":"52","article-title":"Lecture 14 of New Practical Techniques for Disease Control of Aquatic Animals: Disease prevention and control in yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) culture","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fishery Guide to be Rich"},{"key":"2026090908570423400_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2109.2010.02571.x","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of Edwardsiella ictaluri strains as pathogens from diseased yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco (Richardson) cultured in China","volume":"41","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aquac Res"},{"key":"2026090908570423400_bib17","volume-title":"Screening and probiotic characteristics of a probiotic Bacillus strain for aquatic products","author":"Lu","year":"2019"},{"key":"2026090908570423400_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1613","DOI":"10.1111\/raq.12665","article-title":"Edwardsiella ictaluri: a systemic review and future perspectives on disease management","volume":"14","author":"Machimbirike","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev Aquac"},{"key":"2026090908570423400_bib19","volume-title":"China Fishery Statistical Yearbook 2024","author":"National Fisheries Technology Extension Center, China Society of Fisheries","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026090908570423400_bib20","volume-title":"Report on the Health Status of Chinese Aquatic Animals 2023","author":"National Fisheries Technology Extension Center, China Society of Fisheries","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026090908570423400_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4505","DOI":"10.1111\/are.15948","article-title":"Pathogenicity potential of antimicrobial-resistant Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae isolated from maricultured and wild-caught fish of the southeast coast of India","volume":"53","author":"Petchimuthu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aquac Res"},{"key":"2026090908570423400_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.14628","article-title":"Probiotics, lactic acid bacteria and bacilli: interesting supplementation for aquaculture","volume":"129","author":"Ring\u00f8","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"2026090908570423400_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35010","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-20433-8","article-title":"Integrating molecular biomarkers and ectoparasitic infestation to assess water quality","volume":"15","author":"Salem","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026090908570423400_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1080\/23308249.2019.1597010","article-title":"Genus Bacillus, promising probiotics in aquaculture: aquatic animal origin, bioactive compon-ents, bioremediation and efficacy in fish and shellfish","volume":"27","author":"Soltani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev Fish Sci Aquac"},{"key":"2026090908570423400_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.13233\/j.cnki.mar.fish.2019.05.008","article-title":"Isolation, identification and characterization of two Bacillus strains from the intestine of marine fish","volume":"41","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mar Fish"},{"key":"2026090908570423400_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s40813-025-00424-x","article-title":"Virulence characteristics and antibiotic resistance analysis of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from pig farms in Xinjiang, China: revealing potential zoonotic risks","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Porc Health Manag"},{"key":"2026090908570423400_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2019.12.048","article-title":"Dietary Glycyrrhiza uralensis extracts supplementation elevated growth performance, immune responses and disease resistance against Flavobacterium columnare in yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)","volume":"97","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol"},{"key":"2026090908570423400_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.3390\/fishes9090350","article-title":"Transcriptomic analysis provides insights into the energetic metabolism and immune responses in litopenaeus vannamei challenged by photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Fishes"},{"key":"2026090908570423400_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejop.2017.04.002","article-title":"New data of two trichodinid ectoparasites (Ciliophora: Trichodinidae) from farmed freshwater fishes in Hubei, China","volume":"60","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Protistol"},{"key":"2026090908570423400_bib30","first-page":"46","article-title":"Effect of herbal plant extracts on inhibition of pathogenic bacteria in Nile tilapia (Orechromis niloticus)","volume":"16","author":"Wattanuruk","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Environ Health Sci"},{"key":"2026090908570423400_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e16593","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.16593","article-title":"How to identify and quantify the members of the Bacillus genus?","volume":"26","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"2026090908570423400_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.47278\/journal.abr\/2024.010","article-title":"Morphological, physiological and biochemical characterization of Pseudoxanthomonas species and its optimal growth kinetics","volume":"16","author":"Xue","year":"2024","journal-title":"Agrobiol Rec"},{"key":"2026090908570423400_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1465346","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1465346","article-title":"Baicalin enhances antioxidant, inflammatory defense, and microbial diversity of yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) in-fected with Aeromonas hydrophila","volume":"15","author":"Yan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2026090908570423400_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740970","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2024.740970","article-title":"Physiological response mechanisms of hybrid Pelteobagrus fulvidraco in response to different dissolved oxygen","volume":"589","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"2026090908570423400_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11081491","article-title":"A novel disease (water bubble disease) of the giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii caused by Citrobacter freundii: antibiotic treatment and effects on the antioxidant enzyme activity and immune responses","volume":"11","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"2026090908570423400_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625928","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.625928","article-title":"The dynamic immune response of yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) infected with Edwardsiella ictaluri presenting the inflammation process","volume":"12","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Applied Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jambio\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jambio\/lxag216\/70893374\/lxag216.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jambio\/article-pdf\/137\/9\/lxag216\/70893374\/lxag216.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jambio\/article-pdf\/137\/9\/lxag216\/70893374\/lxag216.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T14:09:54Z","timestamp":1788962994000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jambio\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/jambio\/lxag216\/8778458"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jambio\/lxag216","relation":{},"ISSN":["1365-2672"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1365-2672","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"article-number":"lxag216"}}