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Fermentation kinetics and volatile fatty acids were measured, and microbial and metabolic responses were characterized using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, metagenomics, KEGG and CAZy annotation, untargeted metabolomics, and MetOrigin2 source tracing. PSO increased maximum gas production and total volatile fatty acid concentrations while maintaining pH within the physiological range. Community diversity was unchanged, but PSO altered microbial composition, including increases in Firmicutes, Verrucomicrobia, Vagococcus, Clostridium, and\u00a0Lactobacillus and decreases in Shigella sonnei and Methanosarcina sp. Ant1. PSO also altered microbial functional profiles and increased several lipid- and vitamin-associated metabolites, including linoleic acid, 13-HODE, 9-oxoODE, pantothenic acid, and thiamine, while reducing lactate.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PSO changed rumen microbial community structure and functional potential in parallel with increased fermentation end-products and extensive metabolic shifts. These in vitro findings identify microbial and metabolic responses that warrant validation in vivo.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jambio\/lxag233","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T11:50:11Z","timestamp":1788954611000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["<i>Perilla<\/i>\n                    seed oil reshapes the rumen microbiome and increases fermentation end-products\n                    <i>in vitro<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"137","author":[{"given":"Yimeng","family":"Cui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding , Beijing 100193 ,","place":["P. R. 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