{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T13:52:29Z","timestamp":1791985949626,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790553600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014103","name":"Key Research and Development Plan of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024LZGC024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024LZGC024"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014103","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to evaluate the chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction ability of BY8 and optimize its fermentation conditions for aquaculture-derived organic matter reduction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>BY8 was cultivated in aquaculture feed leachate to assess its growth, COD reduction, and hydrolytic capacity. The genome of BY8 was sequenced and hydrolytic enzyme-related genes were identified. Fermentation conditions were optimized by screening carbon and nitrogen sources and their concentrations. BY8 reduced COD in feed leachate by 45.57% \u00b1 2.47% within 24 h. Clear hydrolysis zones were observed on protease-, amylase-, and cellulase-screening media. Extracellular protease, amylase, and cellulase activities reached 0.68 \u00b1 0.06 U ml\u22121, 36.31\u00a0\u00b1\u00a02.65\u00a0U dl\u22121, and 3.00\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.74\u00a0U mg\u22121 protein at 24\u00a0h, respectively. Genome annotation identified 92 non-redundant hydrolase-associated candidate ORFs, including protease\/peptidase-, GH13 alpha-glucan\/starch-, and cellulose or \u03b2-glucan-related candidates. qRT-PCR analysis confirmed transcriptional responses of selected hydrolase-associated genes, with Vpr gene (vpr), the maltogenic \u03b1-amylase MdxD gene (mdxD), and the putative FrvX-family M42 peptidase gene (frvX) showing the greatest fold increases at 24 h relative to their respective 0-h levels within the selected functional groups. Fermentation optimization showed that glucose and soybean meal were the most suitable carbon and nitrogen sources for BY8, with optimal concentrations of 5% and 2%, respectively. Under the optimized small-scale fermentation conditions, the viable cell counts reached 1.08 \u00d7 10\u00b9\u00b9 CFU ml\u22121.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>BY8 showed substantial extracellular hydrolase production and COD reduction in feed leachate, supporting its possible use as a candidate strain for aquaculture organic-load management.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jambio\/lxag243","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T12:21:28Z","timestamp":1790425288000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Characterization of hydrolase-associated COD reduction by\n                    <i>Bacillus subtilis<\/i>\n                    BY8"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"137","author":[{"given":"Zi Yan","family":"Jin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory 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,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilisation of Non-grain Feed Resources (Co-construction by Ministry and Province) of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shandong Agricultural University , Taian 271000, Shandong ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao Chen","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilisation of Non-grain Feed Resources (Co-construction by Ministry and Province) of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shandong Agricultural University , Taian 271000, Shandong ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo Wen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilisation of Non-grain Feed Resources (Co-construction by Ministry and Province) of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shandong Agricultural University , Taian 271000, Shandong ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilisation of Non-grain Feed Resources (Co-construction by Ministry and Province) of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shandong Agricultural University , Taian 271000, Shandong ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3285-7952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiang Shan","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilisation of Non-grain Feed Resources (Co-construction by Ministry and Province) of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shandong Agricultural University , Taian 271000, Shandong 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