{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T15:41:00Z","timestamp":1792683660350,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006129","name":"FCT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101157363"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101157363"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria has intensified the search for novel antimicrobials. In this context, shikimic acid is a versatile scaffold widely used as a precursor to bioactive compounds and drugs. This study screened the antimicrobial activity and underlying mechanism of 18 shikimate-related metabolites against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus epidermidis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The antimicrobial activity of the metabolites was initially evaluated by determining their minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs). Caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, and \u03b1-methylhydrocinnamic acid exhibited the lowest MIC values and were selected for further evaluation of bacterial inactivation kinetics and effects on bacterial cell surface and membrane integrity. \u03b1-Methylhydrocinnamic acid showed rapid antibacterial effects with maximum reductions of 3.2 and 3.9 log CFU.mL\u22121 for E. coli and S. epidermidis, respectively. Caffeic acid and p-coumaric acid were less effective, particularly against E. coli, where antimicrobial activity plateaued over time. In E. coli, caffeic acid and p-coumaric acid increased surface hydrophilicity by 15% and 46%, respectively, whereas in S. epidermidis, p-coumaric acid and \u03b1-methylhydrocinnamic acid reduced hydrophilicity by 55% and 67%. Zeta potential measurements showed less negative surface charges in E. coli following treatment with p-coumaric acid and \u03b1-methylhydrocinnamic acid, whereas in S. epidermidis, \u03b1-methylhydrocinnamic acid increased surface charge. Additionally, \u03b1-methylhydrocinnamic acid caused pronounced membrane disruption, with bacterial cells with damaged membranes reaching 70% in E. coli and 90% in S. epidermidis, alongside a 54% increase in K\u207a leakage for E. coli.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings highlight the potential of cinnamic acid derivatives, particularly \u03b1-methylhydrocinnamic acid, may have potential for further investigation as antibacterial compounds or as adjuncts to conventional antimicrobial strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jambio\/lxag252","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T11:51:58Z","timestamp":1791546718000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Structure-activity relationship and membrane-targeting mechanisms of shikimate-related metabolites 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