{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T11:08:20Z","timestamp":1740136100533,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,16]],"date-time":"2023-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678924800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Observational studies of diabetic retinopathy (DR) using electronic health record data often determine disease severity using International Classification of Disease (ICD) codes. We investigated the mechanism of missingness for DR severity based on ICD coding using the American Academy of Ophthalmology IRIS\u00ae Registry. We included all patient encounters in the registry with a DR ICD-9 or ICD-10 code between January 1, 2014 and June 30, 2021. Demographic, clinical, and practice-level characteristics were compared between encounters with specified and unspecified disease severity. Practices were divided into quartiles based on the proportion of clinical encounters with unspecified DR severity. Encounters with unspecified disease severity were associated with significantly older patient age, better visual acuity, and lower utilization of ophthalmic procedures. Higher volume practices and retina specialist practices had lower proportions of clinical encounters with unspecified disease severity. Results strongly suggest that DR disease severity related to ICD coding is missing not at random.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocad037","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,16]],"date-time":"2023-03-16T20:00:43Z","timestamp":1678996843000},"page":"1199-1204","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Identifying the mechanism of missingness for unspecified diabetic retinopathy disease severity in the electronic health record: an IRIS\u00ae Registry analysis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Meghan","family":"Hatfield","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Verana Health , San Francisco, California, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thai Hien","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Verana Health , San Francisco, California, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Chapman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Verana Health , San Francisco, California, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alayna C","family":"Myrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Verana Health , San Francisco, California, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Theodore","family":"Leng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Verana Health , San Francisco, California, USA"},{"name":"Byers Eye Institute at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine , Palo Alto, California, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Mbagwu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Verana Health , San Francisco, California, USA"},{"name":"Byers Eye Institute at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine , Palo Alto, California, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shrujal","family":"Baxi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Verana Health , San Francisco, California, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8576-9887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aracelis Z","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Verana Health , San Francisco, California, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Durga S","family":"Borkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Verana Health , San Francisco, California, USA"},{"name":"Duke Eye Center, Duke University School of Medicine , Durham, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2023051917292997500_ocad037-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1080\/09286580701396720","article-title":"Overview of epidemiologic studies of diabetic retinopathy","volume":"14","author":"Kobrin Klein","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2023051917292997500_ocad037-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.5.1047","article-title":"Global prevalence of diabetes","volume":"27","author":"Wild","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023051917292997500_ocad037-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2020.08.004","article-title":"Effect of ICD-9 to ICD-10 transition on accuracy of codes for stage of diabetic retinopathy and related complications: results from the CODER study","volume":"5","author":"Cai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Retina"},{"issue":"7","key":"2023051917292997500_ocad037-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2017.1595","article-title":"Accuracy of billing codes used in the therapeutic care of diabetic retinopathy","volume":"135","author":"Lau","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"year":"2018","author":"Mack","key":"2023051917292997500_ocad037-B5"},{"year":"2017","key":"2023051917292997500_ocad037-B6"},{"year":"2019","author":"American Academy of Ophthalmology","key":"2023051917292997500_ocad037-B7"},{"issue":"8","key":"2023051917292997500_ocad037-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2009.03.010","article-title":"Effects of receipt of guideline-recommended care on onset of diabetic retinopathy and its progression","volume":"116","author":"Sloan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023051917292997500_ocad037-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2013.577","article-title":"Accuracy of international classification of diseases, ninth revision, clinical modification billing codes for common ophthalmic conditions","volume":"131","author":"Muir","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"9","key":"2023051917292997500_ocad037-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2016.2166","article-title":"Assessment of the accuracy of using ICD-9 codes to identify uveitis, herpes zoster ophthalmicus, scleritis, and episcleritis","volume":"134","author":"Pimentel","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023051917292997500_ocad037-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000001563","article-title":"Predictive value of international classification of diseases codes for idiopathic intracranial hypertension in a university health system","volume":"42","author":"Khushzad","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neuroophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023051917292997500_ocad037-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xops.2021.100037","article-title":"Temporal trends in the treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy","volume":"1","author":"Gong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"2023051917292997500_ocad037-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2021.03.010","article-title":"Racial, ethnic, and insurance-based disparities upon initiation of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy for diabetic macular edema in the US","volume":"128","author":"Malhotra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023051917292997500_ocad037-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2019.10.019","article-title":"Treatment patterns for diabetic macular edema: an Intelligent Research in Sight (IRIS\u00ae) registry analysis","volume":"127","author":"Cantrell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023051917292997500_ocad037-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-0413","article-title":"Risk of blindness among patients with diabetes and newly diagnosed diabetic retinopathy","volume":"44","author":"Wykoff","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jamia\/article-pdf\/30\/6\/1199\/50374646\/ocad037.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jamia\/article-pdf\/30\/6\/1199\/50374646\/ocad037.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]],"date-time":"2023-05-19T17:31:20Z","timestamp":1684517480000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jamia\/article\/30\/6\/1199\/7079093"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,16]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,16]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jamia\/ocad037","relation":{},"ISSN":["1067-5027","1527-974X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1067-5027"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1527-974X"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,16]]}}}