{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T17:11:34Z","timestamp":1790183494843,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]],"date-time":"2024-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718841600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Designing a framework representing radiology results in a standards-based data structure using joint Radiological Society of North America\/American College of Radiology Common Data Elements (CDEs) as the semantic labels on standard structures. This allows radiologist-created report data to integrate with artificial intelligence-generated results for use throughout downstream systems.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We developed a framework modeling radiology findings as Health Level 7 (HL7) Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (FHIR) observations using CDE set\/element identifiers as standardized semantic labels. This framework deploys CDE identifiers to specify radiology findings and attributes, providing consistent labels for radiology report concepts\u2014diagnoses, recommendations, tabular\/quantitative data\u2014with built-in integration with RadLex, SNOMED CT, LOINC, and other ontologies. Observation structures fit within larger HL7 FHIR DiagnosticReport resources, providing output including both nuanced text and structured data.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Labeling radiology findings as discrete data for interchange between systems requires two components: structure and semantics. CDE definitions provide semantic identifiers for findings and their component values. The FHIR observation resource specifies a structure for associating identifiers with radiology findings in the context of reports, with CDE-encoded observations referring to definitions for CDE identifiers in a central repository. The discussion includes an example of encoding pulmonary nodules on a chest CT as CDE-labeled observations, demonstrating the application of this framework to exchange findings throughout the imaging workflow, making imaging data available to downstream clinical systems.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>CDE-labeled observations establish a lingua franca for encoding, exchanging, and consuming radiology data at the level of individual findings, facilitating use throughout healthcare systems.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Importance<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>CDE-labeled FHIR observation objects can increase the value of radiology results by facilitating their use throughout patient care.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocae134","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]],"date-time":"2024-06-20T15:18:40Z","timestamp":1718896720000},"page":"1735-1742","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Standardizing imaging findings representation: harnessing Common Data Elements semantics and Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources structures"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6862-5299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali S","family":"Tejani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, TX 75390, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1835-7449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian","family":"Bialecki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Informatics, American College of Radiology , Reston, VA 20191, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"O\u2019Donnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Connectivity, Standards, & Interoperability, Canon Medical Research United States Inc , Vernon Hills, IL 60061, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teri","family":"Sippel Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Informatics and Data Sciences Department, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD 21205, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc D","family":"Kohli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California , San Francisco, CA 94143, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tarik","family":"Alkasab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston, MA 02114, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2024071907524332400_ocae134-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2016161553","article-title":"Common data elements in radiology","volume":"283","author":"Rubin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024071907524332400_ocae134-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s13244-017-0588-8","article-title":"ESR paper on structured reporting in radiology","volume":"9","author":"European Society of Radiology","year":"2018","journal-title":"Insights Imaging"},{"issue":"10","key":"2024071907524332400_ocae134-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacr.2019.06.009","article-title":"Bending the artificial intelligence curve for radiology: informatics tools from ACR and RSNA","volume":"16","author":"Kohli","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Coll Radiol"},{"key":"2024071907524332400_ocae134-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-91349-6","volume-title":"Structured Reporting in Radiology","author":"Fatehi","year":"2022"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024071907524332400_ocae134-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.266065168","article-title":"RadLex: a new method for indexing online educational materials","volume":"26","author":"Langlotz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"2024071907524332400_ocae134-B6","author":"National Library of Medicine"},{"key":"2024071907524332400_ocae134-B7","author":"National Library of Medicine"},{"key":"2024071907524332400_ocae134-B8","author":"SNOMED International"},{"key":"2024071907524332400_ocae134-B9","author":"LOINC Committee"},{"key":"2024071907524332400_ocae134-B10","author":"Ostropolets"},{"key":"2024071907524332400_ocae134-B11","author":"FHIR Infrastructure Workgroup","year":"2023"},{"key":"2024071907524332400_ocae134-B12","author":"FHIR Infrastructure Workgroup"},{"key":"2024071907524332400_ocae134-B13","author":"HL7 International"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024071907524332400_ocae134-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S1386-5056(03)00005-4","article-title":"Development of common data elements: the experience of and recommendations from the early detection research network","volume":"70","author":"Winget","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Med Inform"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024071907524332400_ocae134-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1177\/1740774516653238","article-title":"Improving the value of clinical research through the use of Common Data Elements","volume":"13","author":"Sheehan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Trials"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024071907524332400_ocae134-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0253051","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0253051","article-title":"Common data elements for predictors of pediatric sepsis: a framework to standardize data collection","volume":"16","author":"Mawji","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"22","key":"2024071907524332400_ocae134-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1852","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2013.2938","article-title":"Progress in developing common data elements for traumatic brain injury research: version two\u2014the end of the beginning","volume":"30","author":"Hicks","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"2024071907524332400_ocae134-B18","author":"ACR\/RSNA Common Data Elements Committee"},{"key":"2024071907524332400_ocae134-B19","author":"FHIR Infrastructure Workgroup"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024071907524332400_ocae134-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-021-01533-7","article-title":"A systematic review of natural language processing applied to radiology reports","volume":"21","author":"Casey","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Med Inform Decis Mak"},{"issue":"9","key":"2024071907524332400_ocae134-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacr.2017.04.031","article-title":"Creation of an open framework for point-of-care computer-assisted reporting and decision support tools for radiologists","volume":"4","author":"Alkasab","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Coll Radiol"},{"key":"2024071907524332400_ocae134-B22","author":"FHIR Infrastructure Workgroup"},{"key":"2024071907524332400_ocae134-B23","author":"FHIR Infrastructure Workgroup"},{"key":"2024071907524332400_ocae134-B24","author":"IHE Radiology Technical Committee"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024071907524332400_ocae134-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A5780","article-title":"The ASNR-ACR-RSNA common data elements project: what will it do for the house of neuroradiology?","volume":"40","author":"Flanders","year":"2019","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024071907524332400_ocae134-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1007\/s10278-009-9239-z","article-title":"The challenges, opportunities, and imperative of structured reporting in medical imaging","volume":"22","author":"Reiner","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Digit Imaging"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024071907524332400_ocae134-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2017.08.005","article-title":"Structured reporting in radiology","volume":"25","author":"Ganeshan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acad Radiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024071907524332400_ocae134-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0636-3851","article-title":"Structured reporting in clinical routine","volume":"191","author":"Pinto Dos Santos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rofo"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024071907524332400_ocae134-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2016152230","article-title":"The preoperative sinus CT: avoiding a \u201cCLOSE\u201d call with surgical complications","volume":"281","author":"O\u2019Brien","year":"2016","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024071907524332400_ocae134-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2105112","DOI":"10.1148\/ryai.2021210152","article-title":"Imaging AI in practice: a demonstration of future workflow using integration standards","volume":"3","author":"Wiggins","year":"2021","journal-title":"Radiol Artif Intell"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jamia\/article-pdf\/31\/8\/1735\/58591293\/ocae134.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jamia\/article-pdf\/31\/8\/1735\/58591293\/ocae134.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]],"date-time":"2024-07-19T07:53:06Z","timestamp":1721375586000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jamia\/article\/31\/8\/1735\/7696539"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jamia\/ocae134","relation":{},"ISSN":["1067-5027","1527-974X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1067-5027","type":"print"},{"value":"1527-974X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]]}}}