{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T05:21:42Z","timestamp":1789708902191,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]],"date-time":"2023-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693267200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":56,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013342","name":"NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013342","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To develop a standardizable, reproducible method for creating drug codelists that incorporates clinical expertise and is adaptable to other studies and databases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We developed methods to generate drug codelists and tested this using the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) Aurum database, accounting for missing data in the database. We generated codelists for: (1) cardiovascular disease and (2) inhaled Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) therapies, applying them to a sample cohort of 335\u00a0931 COPD patients. We compared searching all drug dictionary variables (A) against searching only (B) chemical or (C) ontological variables.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In Search A, we identified 165\u00a0150 patients prescribed cardiovascular drugs (49.2% of cohort), and 317\u00a0963 prescribed COPD inhalers (94.7% of cohort). Evaluating output per search strategy, Search C missed numerous prescriptions, including vasodilator anti-hypertensives (A and B:19\u00a0696 prescriptions; C:1145) and SAMA inhalers (A and B:35\u00a0310; C:564).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We recommend the full search (A) for comprehensiveness. There are special considerations when generating adaptable and generalizable drug codelists, including fluctuating status, cohort-specific drug indications, underlying hierarchical ontology, and statistical analyses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Methods must have end-to-end clinical input, and be standardizable, reproducible, and understandable to all researchers across data contexts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jamiaopen\/ooad078","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,16]],"date-time":"2023-08-16T16:51:22Z","timestamp":1692204682000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Determining prescriptions in electronic healthcare record data: methods for development of standardized, reproducible drug codelists"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4717-0907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily L","family":"Graul","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Imperial College London , London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2326-4987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philip W","family":"Stone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Imperial College London , London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom"},{"name":"National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London , London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4355-6546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgie M","family":"Massen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London , London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0927-4027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Hatam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh EH16 4UX, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0265-5900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Adamson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Imperial College London , London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom"},{"name":"National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London , London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9612-7791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Spiros","family":"Denaxas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health Informatics, University College London , London NW1 2DA, United Kingdom"},{"name":"British Heart Foundation Data Science Centre, Health Data Research UK , London NW1 2DA, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1014-7052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas S","family":"Peters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London , London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0149-4869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer K","family":"Quint","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Imperial College London , London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom"},{"name":"National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London , London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2023082911105762400_ooad078-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10241","DOI":"10.1002\/lrh2.10241","article-title":"Subphenotyping depression using machine learning and electronic health records","volume":"4","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Learn Health Syst"},{"key":"2023082911105762400_ooad078-B2","author":"NCATS National COVID Cohort Collaborative (N3C) Data Enclave"},{"issue":"10","key":"2023082911105762400_ooad078-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e639","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-7568(21)00206-3","article-title":"Polypharmacy-associated risk of hospitalisation among people ageing with and without HIV: an observational study","volume":"2","author":"Justice","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Healthy Longev"},{"key":"2023082911105762400_ooad078-B4","author":"WSIC Data Specification, v11"},{"key":"2023082911105762400_ooad078-B5"},{"key":"2023082911105762400_ooad078-B6","author":"VA Family of EHR Cohorts (VACo Family)"},{"key":"2023082911105762400_ooad078-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n826","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n826","article-title":"Linked electronic health records for research on a nationwide cohort of more than 54 million people in England: data resource","volume":"373","author":"Wood","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2023082911105762400_ooad078-B8"},{"key":"2023082911105762400_ooad078-B9"},{"issue":"6","key":"2023082911105762400_ooad078-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1740","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyz034","article-title":"Data resource profile: Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) Aurum","volume":"48","author":"Wolf","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2023082911105762400_ooad078-B11","author":"Healthcare Epidemiology"},{"key":"2023082911105762400_ooad078-B12","author":"XV Report Health Search"},{"issue":"6","key":"2023082911105762400_ooad078-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1902363","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02363-2019","article-title":"Oral corticosteroid prescription patterns for asthma in France, Germany, Italy and the UK","volume":"55","author":"Tran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"8","key":"2023082911105762400_ooad078-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.4233","article-title":"The national healthcare system claims databases in France, SNIIRAM and EGB: powerful tools for pharmacoepidemiology","volume":"26","author":"Bezin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf"},{"key":"2023082911105762400_ooad078-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.2147\/CLEP.S196293","article-title":"Taiwan\u2019s national health insurance research database: past and future","volume":"11","author":"Hsieh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"2023082911105762400_ooad078-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.17526.2","article-title":"Connected Bradford: a whole system data linkage accelerator","volume":"7","author":"Sohal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Wellcome Open Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023082911105762400_ooad078-B17","first-page":"1135","article-title":"ICES: data, discovery, better health","volume":"4","author":"Schull","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Popul Data Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"2023082911105762400_ooad078-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e019637","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-019637","article-title":"Identifying clinical features in primary care electronic health record studies: methods for codelist development","volume":"7","author":"Watson","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"6","key":"2023082911105762400_ooad078-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e043906","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-043906","article-title":"Realising the full potential of data-enabled trials in the UK: a call for action","volume":"11","author":"Sydes","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"10","key":"2023082911105762400_ooad078-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001885","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001885","article-title":"The REporting of studies Conducted using Observational Routinely-collected health Data (RECORD) statement","volume":"12","author":"Benchimol","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023082911105762400_ooad078-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-022-02093-0","article-title":"Harmonising electronic health records for reproducible research: challenges, solutions and recommendations from a UK-wide COVID-19 research collaboration","volume":"23","author":"Abbasizanjani","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Med Inform Decis Mak"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023082911105762400_ooad078-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e025965","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-025965","article-title":"Code sets for respiratory symptoms in electronic health records research: a systematic review protocol","volume":"9","author":"Jayatunga","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"7","key":"2023082911105762400_ooad078-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.4440","article-title":"Assumptions made when preparing drug exposure data for analysis have an impact on results: an unreported step in pharmacoepidemiology studies","volume":"27","author":"Pye","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023082911105762400_ooad078-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s13040-017-0151-7","article-title":"Methods for enhancing the reproducibility of biomedical research findings using electronic health records","volume":"10","author":"Denaxas","year":"2017","journal-title":"BioData Min"},{"key":"2023082911105762400_ooad078-B25","author":"VANDF (National Drug File)"},{"key":"2023082911105762400_ooad078-B26","author":"ATC (Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System)"},{"key":"2023082911105762400_ooad078-B27","author":"RxNorm Technical Documentation"},{"key":"2023082911105762400_ooad078-B28","author":"British National Formulary (BNF)"},{"key":"2023082911105762400_ooad078-B29","volume-title":"Practical Guide to Reference Sets","author":"SNOMED International","year":"2023"},{"key":"2023082911105762400_ooad078-B30","author":"Bennett Institute for Applied Data Science, University of Oxford"},{"key":"2023082911105762400_ooad078-B31","author":"Clinical Practice Research Datalink"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023082911105762400_ooad078-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocac158","article-title":"Translating and evaluating historic phenotyping algorithms using SNOMED CT","volume":"30","author":"Elkheder","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc"},{"key":"2023082911105762400_ooad078-B33","volume-title":"Difference between BNF, dm+d and SNOMED CT Codes","author":"MacKenna","year":"2022"},{"key":"2023082911105762400_ooad078-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1753465817750524","DOI":"10.1177\/1753465817750524","article-title":"Defining the relationship between COPD and CVD: what are the implications for clinical practice?","volume":"12","author":"Morgan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ther Adv Respir Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"2023082911105762400_ooad078-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e005540","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-005540","article-title":"Validation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease recording in the clinical practice research datalink (CPRD-GOLD)","volume":"4","author":"Quint","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"18","key":"2023082911105762400_ooad078-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2938","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btx364","article-title":"UpSetR: an R package for the visualization of intersecting sets and their properties","volume":"33","author":"Conway","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"12","key":"2023082911105762400_ooad078-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1983","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2014.2346248","article-title":"UpSet: visualization of intersecting sets","volume":"20","author":"Lex","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Vis Comput Graph"},{"key":"2023082911105762400_ooad078-B38"},{"issue":"8","key":"2023082911105762400_ooad078-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.1770","article-title":"Creating medical and drug code lists to identify cases in primary care databases","volume":"18","author":"Dav\u00e9","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf"},{"key":"2023082911105762400_ooad078-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2050312119840200","DOI":"10.1177\/2050312119840200","article-title":"A practical guide to episode groupers for cost-of-illness analysis in health services research","volume":"7","author":"Peterson","year":"2019","journal-title":"SAGE Open Med"},{"key":"2023082911105762400_ooad078-B41","author":"Tikkanen"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023082911105762400_ooad078-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s40545-018-0154-x","article-title":"Prescription drug coverage in Canada: a review of the economic, policy and political considerations for universal pharmacare","volume":"11","author":"Brandt","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Pharm Policy Pract"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023082911105762400_ooad078-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1","DOI":"10.5600\/mmrr.003.03.a07","article-title":"Episode-based payment: evaluating the impact on chronic conditions","volume":"3","author":"O\u2019Byrne","year":"2013","journal-title":"Medicare Medicaid Res Rev"},{"issue":"11","key":"2023082911105762400_ooad078-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1834","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.202111-1238OC","article-title":"Inhaled corticosteroid withdrawal and change in lung function in primary care patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in England","volume":"19","author":"Whittaker","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"}],"container-title":["JAMIA Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jamiaopen\/article-pdf\/6\/3\/ooad078\/51279371\/ooad078.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jamiaopen\/article-pdf\/6\/3\/ooad078\/51279371\/ooad078.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,18]],"date-time":"2023-12-18T23:53:35Z","timestamp":1702943615000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jamiaopen\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/jamiaopen\/ooad078\/7252957"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,4]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jamiaopen\/ooad078","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2023.04.14.23287661","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2574-2531"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2574-2531","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,4]]},"article-number":"ooad078"}}