{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T07:07:09Z","timestamp":1780556829714,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":30,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study examines disparities in the use of interoperability features within the EHR among family medicine physicians in the United States, particularly in areas with higher social deprivation index and rural settings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using data from the 2022 American Board of Family Medicine Continuous Certification Questionnaire, we assessed the association between self-reported interoperability and social deprivation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Adjusting for other confounders, there is a noticeable trend of declining odds to report utilizing key interoperability features associated with higher social deprivation, including receiving and sending information, and having patient information available that are external to their organization. Family medicine physicians are more likely to report sending electronic information when collaborating with local public health agencies (OR\u2009=\u20091.573). They also have higher odds of reporting the integration electronic information when partnering with behavioral health agencies (OR\u2009=\u20091.838) and schools (OR\u2009=\u20091.742). Exploratory analyses show that rural family medicine physicians may have significantly lower odds of reporting sending (OR\u2009=\u20090.0891), searching (OR\u2009=\u20090.362), and having external patient encounters available (OR\u2009=\u20090.0774) compared to urban physicians, though the small sample size (n\u2009=\u20096) limits estimate stability and generalizability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Providers serving populations with higher social deprivation and practice in rural areas may face unique challenges regarding digital information exchange and interoperability. Programs and structures should facilitate community collaborations, such as partnerships with local public health agencies, schools, and behavioral health organizations, that were associated with improved odds of interoperability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Seamless information exchange is crucial for reducing health disparities and improving care coordination, particularly within family medicine as a frontline point of patient care. Further research should examine how family physicians can leverage funding and partnerships to enhance interoperability and digital access, and assess their impact on reducing disparities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jamiaopen\/ooag089","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]],"date-time":"2026-05-23T11:43:00Z","timestamp":1779536580000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Disparities in digital information exchange and interoperability among family medicine physicians in the United States"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6633-7349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kate E","family":"Trout","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Center for Health Policy, College of Health Sciences, University of Missouri , Columbia, MO 65211,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8227-2047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeongyoung","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robert Graham Center , Washington, DC 20036,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026060402484932700_ooag089-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2013.1054","article-title":"Telehealth among US hospitals: several factors, including state reimbursement and licensure policies, influence adoption","volume":"33","author":"Adler-Milstein","year":"2014","journal-title":"Health Aff (Millwood)"},{"key":"2026060402484932700_ooag089-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2174","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2015.0992","article-title":"Electronic health record adoption in US hospitals: progress continues, but challenges persist","volume":"34","author":"Adler-Milstein","year":"2015","journal-title":"Health Aff (Millwood)"},{"key":"2026060402484932700_ooag089-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocy089","article-title":"Gaps in health information exchange between hospitals that treat many shared patients","volume":"25","author":"Everson","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc."},{"key":"2026060402484932700_ooag089-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1947","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocab102","article-title":"A decade post-HITECH: critical access hospitals have electronic health records but struggle to keep up with other advanced functions","volume":"28","author":"Apathy","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc."},{"key":"2026060402484932700_ooag089-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.12139","article-title":"Where are we on the diffusion curve? Trends and drivers of primary care physicians\u2019 use of health information technology","volume":"49","author":"Audet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Health Serv Res."},{"key":"2026060402484932700_ooag089-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.3122\/jabfm.2019.01.180138","article-title":"The American board of family medicine\u2019s data collection method for tracking their specialty","volume":"32","author":"Peterson","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Board Fam Med."},{"key":"2026060402484932700_ooag089-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1353\/hpu.2016.0016","article-title":"Disparities in primary care EHR adoption rates","volume":"27","author":"Mack","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Health Care Poor Underserved"},{"key":"2026060402484932700_ooag089-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21501319231184789","DOI":"10.1177\/21501319231184789","article-title":"Opportunities and challenges to advance health equity using digital health tools in underserved communities in southeast US: a mixed methods study","volume":"14","author":"Blount","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Prim Care Community Health"},{"key":"2026060402484932700_ooag089-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2017.0011","article-title":"Emerging trends could exacerbate health inequities in the United States","volume":"36","author":"Arcaya","year":"2017","journal-title":"Health Aff (Millwood)"},{"key":"2026060402484932700_ooag089-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocx080","article-title":"Electronic health record adoption in US hospitals: the emergence of a digital \u201cadvanced use\u201d divide","volume":"24","author":"Adler-Milstein","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc"},{"key":"2026060402484932700_ooag089-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.14165","article-title":"Interoperability among hospitals treating populations that have been marginalized","volume":"58","author":"Everson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Health Serv Res"},{"key":"2026060402484932700_ooag089-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1186\/s12875-014-0190-9","article-title":"Why primary care practices should become digital health information hubs for their patients","volume":"15","author":"Baird","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Fam Pract."},{"key":"2026060402484932700_ooag089-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13849","DOI":"10.2196\/13849","article-title":"Incorporating social determinants of health in electronic health records: qualitative study of current practices among top vendors","volume":"7","author":"Freij","year":"2019","journal-title":"JMIR Med Inform."},{"key":"2026060402484932700_ooag089-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e210174","DOI":"10.1001\/jamahealthforum.2021.0253","article-title":"Electronic health record interoperability: how did we get here and how do we move forward?","volume":"2","author":"Turbow","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Health Forum"},{"key":"2026060402484932700_ooag089-B15","volume-title":"Toward Sustainable Improvements in Population Health: Overview of Community Integration Structures and Emerging Innovations in Financing. CDC Health Policy Series, No. 2","author":"Hester","year":"2015"},{"key":"2026060402484932700_ooag089-B16","first-page":"714","article-title":"Moving electronic medical records upstream: Incorporating social determinants of health","volume":"51","author":"Gottlieb","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"}],"container-title":["JAMIA Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jamiaopen\/article-pdf\/9\/3\/ooag089\/68466684\/ooag089.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jamiaopen\/article-pdf\/9\/3\/ooag089\/68466684\/ooag089.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T06:48:55Z","timestamp":1780555735000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jamiaopen\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/jamiaopen\/ooag089\/8701255"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jamiaopen\/ooag089","relation":{},"ISSN":["2574-2531"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2574-2531","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]]},"article-number":"ooag089"}}