{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T15:23:29Z","timestamp":1786116209006,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":8,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["REF: DIN2021-011865"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["REF: DIN2021-011865"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To develop a generalizable framework for identifying algorithmic discrimination risks arising from subgroup imbalances in machine learning training data, with relevance to medical informatics applications where heterogeneous real-world data can bias model behavior.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We introduce a discrimination risk assessment framework for training datasets, a 4-step methodology integrating: (1) controlled representation sampling, (2) ensemble-based model training, (3) multilevel subgroup disparity quantification, and (4) mitigation-oriented interpretation. The framework systematically perturbs training subgroup composition while holding evaluation sets fixed to isolate representation effects. Validation was performed across 7 publicly available pediatric type 1 diabetes datasets using sociodemographic variables and continuous glucose monitoring data to assess robustness under heterogeneous data sources.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Representation balance alone does not guarantee stable or equitable model outputs. Ensemble analyses revealed subgroup-dependent volatility, with some groups consistently contributing to model generalization, while others inducing instability despite increased representation. These findings demonstrate structural sensitivity to data composition that is not captured by standard performance-only evaluations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The framework exposes disparities and instability patterns that remain hidden under single-model or balanced-data evaluations. By quantifying representation-driven behaviors and subgroup-specific training value, it offers a diagnostic tool for understanding data-induced risks prior to model deployment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This work provides a methodology for assessing discrimination risks in training datasets used in medical informatics. By integrating data composition effects, prediction stability, and subgroup-level disparity analysis, the framework supports more reliable and transparent development of machine learning systems across diverse clinical and nonclinical contexts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This research did not involve any new clinical trial. 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