{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T09:16:33Z","timestamp":1781860593017,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,23]],"date-time":"2024-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713830400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Tulathromycin (TUL) is a triamilide antibacterial drug which has been approved for use in the European Union and the United States for the treatment and prevention of bovine respiratory diseases. The existing methods for determination of TUL in its pharmaceutical bulk form are very limited and suffer from major drawbacks.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The aim of this study was the development of two innovative microwell spectrophotometric methods (MW-SPMs) for determination of TUL in its pharmaceutical bulk form.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The formation of charge-transfer complexes (CTCs) of TUL, as an electron donor, was investigated with 2,5-dihydroxy-3,6-dichlorocyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione (HCD) and 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-p-benzoquinone (CBQ), as \u03c0-electron acceptors. The CTCs were characterized using UV-Vis spectrophotometry and computational calculations. The reactions were employed for the development of two MW-SPMs with one step for the quantitative analysis of TUL.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The formation of CTCs was confirmed via the formation of characteristic absorption bands with maximum absorption at 520 and 460\u2009nm for CTCs with HCD and CBQ, respectively. The stoichiometry of both CTCs was found to be 1:1, and the values of different spectroscopic and electronic constants confirmed the stability of the CTCs. The mechanisms of the reactions were postulated. The linear range of both MW-SPMs was 10\u2013500\u2009\u00b5g\/mL. The LOQs were 13.5 and 26.4\u2009\u00b5g\/mL for methods involving reactions with HCD and CBQ, respectively. Both methods were successfully applied to the quantitation of TUL in pharmaceutical bulk form with acceptable accuracy and precision. The results of eco-friendliness\/greenness assessment proved that both MW-SPMs fulfill the requirements of green analytical approaches. In addition, the one-step reactions and simultaneous handling of a large number of samples with micro-volumes in the proposed methods gave them the advantage of high-throughput analysis.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study described two new MW-SPMs as valuable analytical tools for the determination of TUL.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Highlight<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The proposed methods are valuable analytical tool for the analysis of bulk form of TUL.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jaoacint\/qsae035","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,23]],"date-time":"2024-04-23T16:07:45Z","timestamp":1713888465000},"page":"538-548","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Development of Two Eco-Friendly and High-Throughput Microwell Spectrophotometric Methods for Analysis of an Antibacterial Drug Tulathromycin in Pharmaceutical Bulk Form"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"107","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3821-623X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ibrahim A","family":"Darwish","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"King Saud University, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy , PO Box 2457 , Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nourah Z","family":"Alzoman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Saud University, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy , PO Box 2457 , Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5186-8198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed S","family":"Alsalhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Saud University, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy , PO Box 2457 , Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024070607313833400_qsae035-B1","first-page":"83","volume":"6","author":"Evans","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet. 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