{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T12:16:43Z","timestamp":1789129003373,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]],"date-time":"2024-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721260800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Intestinal coccidiosis is a debilitating disease in poultry and livestock, leading to economic impact worldwide. Coccidiosis is prevented and treated in broilers by the inclusion of anticoccidials in feed. Toltrazuril is administered in potable water to treat coccidiosis.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Three robust analytical methods for the quantitation of toltrazuril in pure and pharmaceutical formulations are developed. Furthermore, ecological metrics, either penalization- or color-code-based techniques, are applied for the appraisal of assays.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>First, second-derivative (\u0394\u03bb; 5\u2009nm) spectrophotometric method is used. Toltrazuril is measured from peak to peak at 244\u2013260\u2009nm within a linearity range of 5\u201325\u2009\u03bcg\/mL. The second method is an HPTLC analysis performed on an aluminum sheet of silica gel using ethyl acetate\u2013methanol\u2013ammonium chloride buffer\u2013water (8:1:0.5:0.5, by volume respectively) as the elution phase. Toltrazuril, at a retardation factor of 0.66\u2009\u00b1\u20090.01, is linearly determined in the range of 1\u20139\u2009\u03bcg\/spot at 243\u2009nm. The third method is reversed-phase HPLC with diode array detection, using an Agilent C18 column (5\u2009\u03bcm, 4.6 \u00d7 150\u2009mm) in isocratic elution mode at 1\u2009mL\/min flow rate with a mobile phase of acetonitrile and water in a ratio of 80:20 (v\/v). Toltrazuril elutes at a retention time of 2.58\u2009\u00b1\u20090.1\u2009min and is linearly determined at 243\u2009nm in the range of 0.25\u201325\u2009\u03bcg\/mL.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Calculated 2D-values and peak areas are highly correlated to their corresponding drug concentrations at coefficients: r\u2009&amp;gt;\u20090.999. All methods were International Council of Harmonization (ICH) validated and applied to the dosage form with satisfactory % recoveries (97\u2013103%). Statistical comparisons versus reported one using t-test and F-test disclose insignificant variation. In examining greenness and whiteness norms, the proposed methods were evaluated and ranked alongside four different reported methods.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The proposed methods are green, accurate, and can be applied in routine QC for the determination of toltrazuril in pharmaceutical formulations.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Highlights<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Intestinal coccidiosis substantially affects the chicken intestinal tract leading to reduced growth. Toltrazuril is used for the treatment and prevention of intestinal coccidiosis. Three robust, accurate, and precise analytical methods are developed for toltrazuril determination in pure and pharmaceutical formulations. All proposed methods were ecologically assessed and compared with published ones.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jaoacint\/qsae063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,17]],"date-time":"2024-07-17T14:41:05Z","timestamp":1721227265000},"page":"891-902","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Penalization and Color Code Technical Approaches for Method Greenness and Whiteness Appraisal in Veterinary Medication: Assay of Toltrazuril Suspension"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"107","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8940-6370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miranda F","family":"Kamal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Damanhour University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry , Beheira 25511,\u00a0","place":["Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8071-2187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rasha M","family":"Youssef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alexandria University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry , El-Messalah , Alexandria 21521,","place":["Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7845-4967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nehal W","family":"El-Sayed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport, College of Pharmacy , Alexandria 1029,\u00a0","place":["Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samir","family":"Morshedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Damanhour University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry , Beheira 25511,\u00a0","place":["Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haydi S","family":"Elbordiny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Damanhour University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Beheira\u00a025511,","place":["Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024110408521964700_qsae063-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.20372\/ajst.2018.3.1.76","volume":"3","author":"Abebe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Abyssinia J. 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