{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T07:57:39Z","timestamp":1791619059912,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755043200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"Future Wellness and former Field Trip Health"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The consumption of dried fruiting bodies of Psilocybe cubensis can be traced over centuries, guided by Mesoamerican curanderas, Western medical practitioners, and fungal enthusiasts, all seeking mental wellbeing. There is a notable resurgence in interest both in the fungal biomass and psilocybin, the psychoactive tryptamine, despite the global regulatory restrictions, following enlistment in the UN convention on psychotropic substances.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate consistency in psilocybin potency and to determine levels of microbial, pesticidal, and heavy metal content in products encompassing biomass of uniformly cultivated P. cubensis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In a legally sanctioned, unique laboratory in Jamaica, we cultivated P. cubensis according to published methods, then dried, pulverized, extracted, and tested fruiting bodies for tryptamine content using an Agilent HPLC 1290 Infinity assembly. Colony counting was employed for E. coli, yeast, mold, and coliform presence, while a Neogen\u2019s Veratox\u00ae ELISA assay assessed mycotoxin content. Agilent GCMS and LC assemblies evaluated for pesticidal content while heavy metals (As, Cd, Pb, Hg) were determined using instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA), energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF, and direct mercury analysis (DMA) by thermal decomposition\u2013amalgamation\u2013atomic absorption spectrometry (TDA-AAS), respectively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mean psilocybin and psilocin content in dried cultivated P. cubensis was 1.14\u2009\u00b1\u20090.17% by weight; however, there was batch variability, potentiating significant differences in projected dosage, particularly for and above 3\u2009g. The homogenized biomass was deemed safe, with acceptable levels of microbial, mycotoxin, pesticidal, and heavy metal contents, and no significant carcinogenic or other health hazards. Encapsulated biomass stably maintained tryptamine content for 11\u2009months.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Standardized, safe biomass suitable for human consumption can be achieved using P. cubensis cultivated under stringent, aseptic conditions. Given the observed variability, it is highly recommended that each batch is tested for tryptamine content. Our results may be useful for policymakers, cultivators, clinicians, and consumers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Highlights<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The present study provides a basis for regular potency testing of P. cubensis biomass and substantiates their potential use in clinical trials as a high-quality, standardized, and safe product.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jaoacint\/qsaf072","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T11:47:41Z","timestamp":1755085661000},"page":"51-60","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Toward Standardized Products Containing Biomass of\n                    <i>Psilocybe Cubensis<\/i>\n                    Fungi"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"109","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3884-4080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kimberley","family":"Foster","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Future Wellness, University of the West Indies , 2 St. George\u2019s Close , Mona, Jamaica"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isaac","family":"Morrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Future Wellness, University of the West Indies , 2 St. George\u2019s Close , Mona, Jamaica"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1036-0120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shemar","family":"Daniel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Future Wellness, University of the West Indies , 2 St. George\u2019s Close , Mona, Jamaica"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johann","family":"Antoine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Nuclear Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the West Indies , 2 Anguilla Close , Mona, Jamaica"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Babumon","family":"Thankappan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Caribbean Centre for Research in Bioscience, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the West Indies , 6 Belmopan Close , Mona, Jamaica"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6133-3477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Winston","family":"De La Haye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health and Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies , 3 Gibraltar Camp Rd , Mona, Jamaica"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marshall","family":"Tyler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Future Wellness, University of the West Indies , 2 St. George\u2019s Close , Mona, Jamaica"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Grant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Nuclear Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the West Indies , 2 Anguilla Close , Mona, Jamaica"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6100-481X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rupika","family":"Delgoda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Caribbean Centre for Research in Bioscience, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the West Indies , 6 Belmopan Close , Mona, Jamaica"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025122414222342600_qsaf072-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/bf02159243","volume":"14","author":"Hofmann","year":"1958","journal-title":"Experientia"},{"key":"2025122414222342600_qsaf072-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-017-4771-x","volume":"235","author":"Carhart-Harris","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"2025122414222342600_qsaf072-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/s2215-0366(16)30065-7","volume":"3","author":"Carhart-Harris","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025122414222342600_qsaf072-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2032994","volume":"384","author":"Carhart-Harris","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl. J. Med"},{"key":"2025122414222342600_qsaf072-B5","author":"United Nations","year":"1971"},{"key":"2025122414222342600_qsaf072-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-022-02039-0","volume":"12","author":"Cavanna","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025122414222342600_qsaf072-B7"},{"key":"2025122414222342600_qsaf072-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/ffgc.2022.813998","volume":"5","author":"Strauss","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Forests Global Change"},{"key":"2025122414222342600_qsaf072-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2023.103812","volume":"167","author":"Meyer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Fungal Genet. Biol"},{"key":"2025122414222342600_qsaf072-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.funbio.2022.01.003","volume":"126","author":"Van Court","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fungal Biol"},{"key":"2025122414222342600_qsaf072-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107854","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiolchem.2023.107854","volume":"104","author":"Irvine","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comput. Biol. Chem"},{"key":"2025122414222342600_qsaf072-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2013.12.006","volume":"24","author":"Tyl\u0161","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"2025122414222342600_qsaf072-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.2821","volume":"113","author":"Holze","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther"},{"key":"2025122414222342600_qsaf072-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2011.07.003","volume":"879","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci"},{"key":"2025122414222342600_qsaf072-B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.109.031138","volume":"38","author":"Manevski","year":"2010","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Dispos"},{"key":"2025122414222342600_qsaf072-B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1391689","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1391689","volume":"15","author":"Thomann","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol"},{"key":"2025122414222342600_qsaf072-B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-019-0360-5","volume":"44","author":"Madsen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"2025122414222342600_qsaf072-B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-017-0540-6","volume":"56","author":"Brown","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"2025122414222342600_qsaf072-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14068","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232214068","volume":"23","author":"Gotvaldov\u00e1","year":"2022","journal-title":"IJMS"},{"key":"2025122414222342600_qsaf072-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-8741(82)90013-7","volume":"5","author":"Beug","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"2025122414222342600_qsaf072-B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2023.342161","volume":"1288","author":"Goff","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"2025122414222342600_qsaf072-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-8741(82)90014-9","volume":"5","author":"Bigwood","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"2025122414222342600_qsaf072-B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.2950","volume":"13","author":"Gotvaldov\u00e1","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Test. Anal"},{"key":"2025122414222342600_qsaf072-B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.funbio.2023.12.001","volume":"128","author":"Foster","year":"2024","journal-title":"Fungal Biol"},{"key":"2025122414222342600_qsaf072-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006777929225","volume":"244","author":"Lalor","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem"},{"key":"2025122414222342600_qsaf072-B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2020.111288","volume":"157","author":"Williams","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull"},{"key":"2025122414222342600_qsaf072-B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2017.03.006","volume":"4","author":"Antoine","year":"2017","journal-title":"Toxicol. Rep"},{"key":"2025122414222342600_qsaf072-B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0252834","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0252834","volume":"16","author":"Orywal","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025122414222342600_qsaf072-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881121991822","volume":"35","author":"Garcia-Romeu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"2025122414222342600_qsaf072-B30","author":"USEPA","year":"2002"},{"key":"2025122414222342600_qsaf072-B31","author":"USEPA","year":"2005"},{"key":"2025122414222342600_qsaf072-B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1136990","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1136990","volume":"14","author":"De La Haye","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025122414222342600_qsaf072-B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1038\/s41429-020-0311-8","volume":"73","author":"Nichols","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Antibiot. (Tokyo)"},{"key":"2025122414222342600_qsaf072-B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.3390\/jof8060598","volume":"8","author":"Polo-Castellano","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Fungi"},{"key":"2025122414222342600_qsaf072-B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2025.466009","volume":"1753","author":"Islam","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"}],"container-title":["Journal of AOAC International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jaoac\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jaoacint\/qsaf072\/64037403\/qsaf072.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jaoac\/article-pdf\/109\/1\/51\/64037403\/qsaf072.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jaoac\/article-pdf\/109\/1\/51\/64037403\/qsaf072.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T19:22:30Z","timestamp":1766604150000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jaoac\/article\/109\/1\/51\/8233706"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jaoacint\/qsaf072","relation":{},"ISSN":["1060-3271","1944-7922"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1060-3271","type":"print"},{"value":"1944-7922","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]]}}}