{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T20:13:58Z","timestamp":1788984838302,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773014400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFD1800500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFD1800500"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Goatpox is a severe viral disease in goats, and vaccination with live attenuated strains remains the most effective strategy for control. Conventional vaccine production relies on primary or Vero cells, but these substrates are limited by unstable supply, high cost, and suboptimal virus yields.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to establish a scalable suspension culture system using immortalized lamb testis (iLT) cells to support efficient replication of the goatpox virus (GTPV) AV41 strain for vaccine production.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Adherent iLT cells were adapted to suspension by stepwise passaging under reduced serum. Eight commercial suspension media were screened, and four were selected for growth evaluation in 125 mL shaker flasks (20 mL working volume; 1\u2009\u00d7\u2009106 cells\/mL), with stability assessed up to the 40th passage. For virus production, suspension cultures at 2\u20133\u2009\u00d7\u2009106 cells\/mL were inoculated with GTPV-AV41 at 5\u201310% (v\/v), samples were collected at 72\u2013144\u2009h post-inoculation, and viral replication was quantified by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) using a cycle threshold (Ct) \u201350% tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50) calibration curve, with infection confirmed by indirect immunofluorescence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Suspension-adapted iLT cells maintained robust growth for over 40 continuous passages, reaching densities exceeding 1.2\u2009\u00d7\u2009107 cells\/mL with &amp;gt;95% viability. After GTPV-AV41 inoculation, the suspension culture system supported efficient viral replication, yielding a maximum viral titer of 108.00 TCID50 equivalents\/mL in cell lysates at 72\u2009h post-inoculation. Efficient viral entry and replication were further confirmed by indirect immunofluorescence assays.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Suspension-cultured iLT cells represent a promising platform for scalable goatpox vaccine production, combining high growth performance with efficient viral replication.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Highlights<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study presents a scalable suspension-culture platform by adapting iLT cells under serum-reduced conditions, enabling stable high-density growth and efficient replication of goatpox virus for cost-effective vaccine manufacturing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jaoacint\/qsag019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T12:36:00Z","timestamp":1772541360000},"page":"774-780","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Suspension Adaptation of Immortalized Lamb Testis (iLT) Cells in Serum-Reduced Media and Evaluation of Goatpox Virus (GTPV-AV41) Replication"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"109","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6974-2457","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fanqi","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, the Belt and Road International Sci-Tech Innovation Institute of Transboundary Animal Disease Diagnosis and Immunization, College of Veterinary Medicine , Nanjing 210095,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haoyang","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Quality and Inspection & Testing , Beijing 100176,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, the Belt and Road International Sci-Tech Innovation Institute of Transboundary Animal Disease Diagnosis and Immunization, College of Veterinary Medicine , Nanjing 210095,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaoqiang","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Quality and Inspection & Testing , Beijing 100176,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangmei","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Quality and Inspection & Testing , Beijing 100176,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2824-4245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caixia","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Quality and Inspection & Testing , Beijing 100176,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4473-6864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhen","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, the Belt and Road International Sci-Tech Innovation Institute of Transboundary Animal Disease Diagnosis and Immunization, College of Veterinary Medicine , Nanjing 210095,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8447-5550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chunyan","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Quality and Inspection & Testing , Beijing 100176,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090915262585500_qsag019-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1017\/S1466252300000116","volume":"1","author":"Rao","year":"2000","journal-title":"Anim. 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