{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T20:14:06Z","timestamp":1788984846359,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774915200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000038","name":"Food and Drug Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000016","name":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000016","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Vitamin B1 (thiamine), D2 (ergocalciferol), and D3 (cholecalciferol) are essential nutrients in animal diets, critical for health and the maintenance of physiological processes. Deficiencies or excesses can lead to severe health issues, necessitating reliable quantification methods for QC, label claim compliance, and safety assurance in the pet food industry.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim of this study was to extend and validate AOAC Official Methods \u00a02015.14 (for vitamin B1) and 2016.05 (for vitamins D2 and D3) to animal feed matrixes using LC\u2013MS\/MS in a single-laboratory study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Vitamin B1 was extracted via enzymatic digestion with acid phosphatase, while vitamins D2 and D3 were extracted using saponification, followed by liquid\u2013liquid extraction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The methods were validated for cat kibble, dog kibble, and wet dog feed, demonstrating high sensitivity (LODs: 0.018\u2009ng\/mL for B1 and 0.005\u2009ng\/mL for D2 and D3. LOQs: 0.06\u2009ng\/mL for B1, 0.016\u2009ng\/mL for D2, and 0.018\u2009ng\/mL for D3), excellent linearity (R2 = 0.997\u20130.999), and acceptable recoveries (88\u2013115%). Quantification revealed vitamin B1 concentrations exceeding the Association of American Feed Control Officials minimum recommendations, with the lowest at 8.99\u2009mg\/kg on a dry matter basis (DMB) in wet dog food. Vitamin D levels were within recommended ranges, with the lowest in cat kibble at 18.13\u2009\u03bcg\/kg DMB for vitamin D3, while vitamin D2 contributed minimally to total vitamin D, at 0.27\u2009\u03bcg\/kg DMB.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>LC\u2013MS\/MS methods based AOAC 2015.14 and 2016.05 were single-laboratory validated and applied to the analysis of vitamin B1 and vitamins D2 and D3, respectively, in cat kibble, dog kibble, and wet dog food.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Highlights<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These results support the utility of the methods for routine analysis of animal feeds to verify label claims, nutritional adequacy, and safety.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jaoacint\/qsag027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T11:37:35Z","timestamp":1774957055000},"page":"657-664","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Validation of Methods for Determination of Vitamins B1, D2, and D3 in Commercial Animal Feed Matrixes by LC\u2013MS\/MS"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"109","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5632-3085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alvaro G","family":"Garcia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, Department of Analytical Chemistry , New Haven, CT 06511,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0423-5394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Tamez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, Department of Analytical Chemistry , New Haven, CT 06511,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nassifatou Koko","family":"Tittikpina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, Department of Analytical Chemistry , New Haven, CT 06511,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason C","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, Department of Analytical Chemistry , New Haven, CT 06511,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian O","family":"Dimkpa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, Department of Analytical Chemistry , New Haven, CT 06511,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090915261806900_qsag027-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo10090371","volume":"10","author":"Hurst","year":"2020","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"key":"2026090915261806900_qsag027-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.243.5.649","volume":"243","author":"Markovich","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. 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