{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T18:48:50Z","timestamp":1782154130698,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780358400000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"Shandong Province Natural Science Foundation For Youth Scientists","award":["ZR2021QH358"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2021QH358"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is a critical dietary supplement for vulnerable populations (e.g., infants, pregnant women), but contamination by per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)\u2014persistent \u201cforever chemicals\u201d\u2014poses potential health risks. Currently, no standardized methods exist for PFAS detection in DHA products, hindering QC and risk assessment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our aim was to develop and validate a sensitive LC\u2013MS\/MS method for simultaneous determination of four PFAS (perfluorooctanoic acid [PFOA], perfluorooctadecanoic acid [PFODA], perfluorooctane sulfonic acid [PFOS], and perfluorobutane sulfonic acid [PFBS]) in DHA matrices (algal oil and fish oil) and support product safety evaluation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Samples were extracted with 50% methanol\/acetonitrile (v\/v) via ultrasonication (40\u00b0C, 20\u2009min), followed by centrifugation and filtration. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a Phenomenex Kinetex F5 column (100\u2009\u00d7\u20093.0\u2009mm, 2.6\u2009\u03bcm) with gradient elution (mobile phase: 2\u2009mmol\/L aqueous ammonium formate solution\u2013methanol) in 12\u2009min. Detection was performed via negative electrospray ionization (ESI\u2212) in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. Method validation included linearity, LODs and LOQs, accuracy, precision, matrix effects, and stability. Thirteen commercial DHA products (11 algal oil, 2 fish oil) were analyzed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Linearity (r\u2009\u22650.99) was achieved for PFAS; LODs\/LOQs were 0.02\/0.04\u2009ng\/mL. Recoveries at four spiking levels (0.1, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5\u2009ng\/mL) ranged from 92.1 to 108.4%, with RSDs of 2.8\u20135.6%. Matrix effects were effectively corrected via matrix-matched calibration. Trace PFAS were detected in 3\/13 samples, all below regulatory limits.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The developed method is reliable for routine PFAS detection in DHA matrixes, providing practical technical support for QC and risk assessment for DHA supplements for vulnerable populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Highlights<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This rapid and sensitive LC-MS\/MS method can be applied to both algal oil and fish oil DHA matrices, supporting reliable PFAS exposure risk assessment for DHA supplements intended for infants and pregnant women.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jaoacint\/qsag045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T11:51:21Z","timestamp":1780055481000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Simultaneous Determination of Four Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in DHA Products using LC\u2013MS\/MS for Quality Control and Risk Assessment"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Jiayi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing 210029,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanping","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Dyne Marine Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd , Beijing 100176,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuee","family":"Xi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Dyne Marine Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd , Beijing 100176,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1385-6601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chaoqiang","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Dyne Marine Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd , Beijing 100176,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institutes for Food and Drug Control , Beijing 102629,","place":["P.R. 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