{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T20:05:03Z","timestamp":1784145903201,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782432000000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2 are highly carcinogenic mycotoxins frequently detected in nutraceutical products. Due to their toxicological significance and the complex composition of nutraceutical matrices, sensitive and validated analytical methods are required to ensure regulatory compliance, product safety, and routine surveillance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to develop and perform single-laboratory validation of a reliable and sensitive method for the simultaneous determination of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2 in nutraceutical products, in accordance with AOAC Appendix F.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Samples were extracted using an organic solvent system and purified through aflatoxin-specific immunoaffinity columns to reduce matrix interference. Quantitative analysis was performed by LC coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC\u2013MS\/MS). Method validation evaluated linearity, LOD and LOQ, precision (repeatability and intermediate precision), and accuracy across three representative nutraceutical matrices.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The method showed linearity for all analytes, with coefficients of determination (R2) between 0.9984 and 0.9989. The LOD and LOQ values ranged from 0.1268 to 0.6170\u2009\u00b5g\/kg and from 0.2733 to 1.1290\u2009\u00b5g\/kg, respectively. Precision studies demonstrated acceptable repeatability and intermediate precision, with RSDs \u226420%. Accuracy assessment across beverage and protein-based nutraceutical products yielded recoveries between 88 and 119% at multiple fortification levels, meeting AOAC performance requirements for mycotoxin analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The validated LC\u2013MS\/MS method is sensitive, accurate, and precise for the determination of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2 in complex nutraceutical products. The method is fit for purpose in routine QC, regulatory testing, and surveillance of aflatoxins in nutraceutical matrices.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Highlights<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Optimized sample extraction and immunoaffinity cleanup enabled sensitive LC\u2013MS\/MS determination of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2. The method was validated for linearity, LOD, LOQ, sensitivity, precision, and accuracy, and was found to be suitable for routine aflatoxin estimation in nutraceutical products.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jaoacint\/qsag059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T11:50:56Z","timestamp":1782388256000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Single-laboratory validation of simultaneous determination of aflatoxins in nutraceuticals following immunoaffinity column cleanup and liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry analysis"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Saravanan","family":"J","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"HNL Business Services India Private Limited, India Centre of Excellence (IN COE), Analytical Laboratory , Ground and First Floor, Tower C Prestige Shantiniketan , Bangaluru 560048,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8509-0089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Santhosh Kumar J","family":"Urumarudappa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HNL Business Services India Private Limited, India Centre of Excellence (IN COE), Analytical Laboratory , Ground and First Floor, Tower C Prestige Shantiniketan , Bangaluru 560048,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vijay","family":"Bommuluri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HNL Business Services India Private Limited, India Centre of Excellence (IN COE), Analytical Laboratory , Ground and First Floor, Tower C Prestige Shantiniketan , Bangaluru 560048,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashutosh Kumar","family":"Mittal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HNL Business Services India Private Limited, India Centre of Excellence (IN COE), Analytical Laboratory , Ground and First Floor, Tower C Prestige Shantiniketan , Bangaluru 560048,","place":["India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Herbalife International of America, Inc., Quality Control Laboratory , 950 W 190th St , Torrance, CA 90502,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary","family":"Swanson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Herbalife International of America, Inc., Quality Control Laboratory , 950 W 190th St , Torrance, CA 90502,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026071515411718100_qsag059-B1","volume-title":"Aflatoxins (Group 1), IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans","author":"IARC","year":"2002"},{"key":"2026071515411718100_qsag059-B2","volume-title":"Agents Classified by the IARC Monographs","author":"IARC","year":"2026"},{"key":"2026071515411718100_qsag059-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6040","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2020.6040","volume":"18","author":"Panel","year":"2020","journal-title":"EFSA J"},{"key":"2026071515411718100_qsag059-B4","author":"National Cancer Institute (","year":"2018"},{"key":"2026071515411718100_qsag059-B5","first-page":"1","author":"European Commission","year":"2023","journal-title":"Off. 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