{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T22:50:03Z","timestamp":1792104603157,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787702400000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004801","name":"Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation of Georgia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SRNSFG"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SRNSFG"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004801","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004801","name":"Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation of Georgia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PHDF-22\u2013480"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PHDF-22\u2013480"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004801","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Maize is widely used in processed foods but may cause allergic reactions. Reliable detection of maize ingredients, related allergens, and genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in foods is essential for food authenticity, food safety, and consumer protection. However, DNA degradation during food processing and multitarget detection remain significant analytical challenges.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To develop and evaluate triplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays\u00a0assays for the simultaneous detection of maize ingredients, allergen-encoding genes, and the Cry1Ab transgene, thereby enabling integrated food authentication, allergen and GMO screening in processed foods.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Genomic DNA was extracted from certified reference materials (0\u20135% MON810 maize) and processed foods using the CTAB method and a commercial plant kit. Two triplex PCR systems were optimized for the detection of species-specific marker (zein), allergen-encoding genes (Zea m 8, Zea m 14), and the Cry1Ab transgene. The PCR products were analyzed via agarose gel electrophoresis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The CTAB method yielded higher amounts of amplifiable DNA than the commercial kit. The developed assays enabled simultaneous detection of (i) Zea m 8, Zea m 14, and the zein gene, and (ii) Zea m 8, Zea m 14, and the Cry1Ab transgene. The assays successfully detected 0.1% MON810 reference material in the uniplex and 0.5% in the triplex systems. Analysis of processed foods confirmed reliable detection of all targets despite DNA degradation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The proposed triplex PCR assays offer a reliable, rapid, and cost-effective approach for the simultaneous detection of maize ingredients, allergen-encoding genes, and the Cry1Ab transgene, supporting food authentication, allergen and GMO screening in processed foods.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Highlights<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Triplex PCR assays enable rapid, simultaneous detection of maize ingredients, allergen-encoding genes (Zea m 8, Zea m 14, zein) and the Cry1Ab transgene in processed foods, detecting 0.1 and 0.5% MON810 reference materials by uniplex and triplex PCR, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/jaoacint\/qsag082","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T11:41:37Z","timestamp":1787658097000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Triplex PCR Assays for Simultaneous Detection of Maize Ingredients, Maize Allergen-Encoding Genes, and the\n                    <i>Cry1Ab<\/i>\n                    Transgene in Processed Foods"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8507-0398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tata","family":"Ninidze","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ilia State University, School of Natural Sciences and Medicine , 3\/5 Kakutsa Cholokashvili Ave , Tbilisi 0162, Georgia"},{"name":"Ivane Beritashvili Center of Experimental Biomedicine , 14 Gotua str , Tbilisi 0160, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0720-4770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kakha","family":"Bitskinashvili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ivane Beritashvili Center of Experimental Biomedicine , 14 Gotua str , Tbilisi 0160, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6845-9588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tamara","family":"Kutateladze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ivane Beritashvili Center of Experimental Biomedicine , 14 Gotua str , Tbilisi 0160, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5770-9481","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Boris","family":"Vishnepolsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ivane Beritashvili Center of Experimental Biomedicine , 14 Gotua str , Tbilisi 0160, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5742-6043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nelly","family":"Datukishvili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ilia State University, School of Natural Sciences and Medicine , 3\/5 Kakutsa Cholokashvili Ave , Tbilisi 0162, Georgia"},{"name":"Ivane Beritashvili Center of Experimental Biomedicine , 14 Gotua str , Tbilisi 0160, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026101518362903200_qsag082-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1007\/s12571-022-01288-7","volume":"14","author":"Erenstein","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Secur"},{"key":"2026101518362903200_qsag082-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4238\/gmr15048818","volume":"15","author":"Oliveira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genet. Mol. Res"},{"key":"2026101518362903200_qsag082-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2023.11.918","volume":"153","author":"Bartha","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol"},{"key":"2026101518362903200_qsag082-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70308","DOI":"10.1111\/all.70308","author":"D\u00f6lle-Bierke","year":"2026","journal-title":"Allergy All"},{"key":"2026101518362903200_qsag082-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1943","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2008.03094.x","volume":"38","author":"Scibilia","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy J. Br. Soc. Allergy Clin. Immunol"},{"key":"2026101518362903200_qsag082-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6673-6-32","volume":"6","author":"Oldenburg","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Occup. Med. Toxicol"},{"key":"2026101518362903200_qsag082-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.waojou.2021.100598","volume":"14","author":"Fiocchi","year":"2021","journal-title":"World Allergy Organ. J"},{"key":"2026101518362903200_qsag082-B8","year":"1985"},{"key":"2026101518362903200_qsag082-B9"},{"key":"2026101518362903200_qsag082-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1111\/all.13693","volume":"74","author":"Goodman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"2026101518362903200_qsag082-B11","volume-title":"Maize: Cultivation, Uses and Health Benefits","author":"Jimenez-Lopez","year":"2012"},{"key":"2026101518362903200_qsag082-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2087","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24112087","volume":"24","author":"Leoni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"2026101518362903200_qsag082-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S57","DOI":"10.1186\/2045-7022-1-S1-S57","volume":"1","author":"Pastorello","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Allergy"},{"key":"2026101518362903200_qsag082-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1111\/all.13164","volume":"72","author":"Volpicella","year":"2017","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"2026101518362903200_qsag082-B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2615498","DOI":"10.1080\/21645698.2026.2615498","volume":"17","author":"Ma","year":"2026","journal-title":"GM Crops Food"},{"key":"2026101518362903200_qsag082-B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s43014-019-0012-5","volume":"1","author":"Khan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Prod. Process. Nutr"},{"key":"2026101518362903200_qsag082-B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1186\/s41938-018-0051-2","volume":"28","author":"Abbas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Biol. Pest. Control"},{"key":"2026101518362903200_qsag082-B18","author":"European Commission"},{"key":"2026101518362903200_qsag082-B19","volume-title":"Global Status of Commercialized Biotech\/GM Crops: 2024. ISAAA Brief No. 57","author":"ISAAA","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026101518362903200_qsag082-B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-012-0899-1","volume":"50","author":"Bawa","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Food Sci. Technol"},{"key":"2026101518362903200_qsag082-B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2017.07.010","volume":"119","author":"Dunn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy. Asthma. Immunol"},{"key":"2026101518362903200_qsag082-B22","first-page":"7","author":"Anon. Codex Alimentarius","year":"2009"},{"key":"2026101518362903200_qsag082-B23","first-page":"24","author":"European Commission. Regulation (EC)","year":"2003"},{"key":"2026101518362903200_qsag082-B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fshw.2016.04.002","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Sci. Hum. Wellness"},{"key":"2026101518362903200_qsag082-B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11060878","volume":"11","author":"Tuppo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"2026101518362903200_qsag082-B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119160588.ch4","volume-title":"Food Safety","author":"Sharma","year":"2016"},{"key":"2026101518362903200_qsag082-B27","first-page":"39","volume":"75","author":"Slowianek","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Food Sci"},{"key":"2026101518362903200_qsag082-B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.3390\/bios11120481","volume":"11","author":"Kutateladze","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biosensors"},{"key":"2026101518362903200_qsag082-B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3275","DOI":"10.1021\/jf035052x","volume":"52","author":"Germini","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem"},{"key":"2026101518362903200_qsag082-B30","first-page":"39","volume":"4","author":"Akhtar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Intl. J. BioRes"},{"key":"2026101518362903200_qsag082-B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2012.08.001","volume":"30","author":"Samson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"2026101518362903200_qsag082-B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2027","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2012.01.005","volume":"75","author":"Fonseca","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Proteomics"},{"key":"2026101518362903200_qsag082-B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.3390\/biotech14040078","volume":"14","author":"Ninidze","year":"2025","journal-title":"BioTech"},{"key":"2026101518362903200_qsag082-B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2760\/5277","volume-title":"The Analysis of Food Samples for the Presence of Genetically Modified Organisms: User Manual. EUR 30145 EN","author":"Querci","year":"2020"},{"key":"2026101518362903200_qsag082-B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2621.2010.02261.x","volume":"45","author":"Datukishvili","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Technol"},{"key":"2026101518362903200_qsag082-B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygeno.2011.04.009","volume":"98","author":"Kalendar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"2026101518362903200_qsag082-B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e11517","DOI":"10.1002\/aps3.11517","volume":"11","author":"Schenk","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Plant Sci"},{"key":"2026101518362903200_qsag082-B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2022.133778","volume":"397","author":"Costa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"2026101518362903200_qsag082-B39","first-page":"23","volume":"47","author":"Hrn\u010d\u00edrov\u00e1","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Food Nutr. Res"},{"key":"2026101518362903200_qsag082-B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1080\/02652030600603041","volume":"23","author":"Hird","year":"2006","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam"},{"key":"2026101518362903200_qsag082-B41","author":"Prins","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026101518362903200_qsag082-B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fochms.2024.100201","volume":"8","author":"Vahdani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Chem. Mol. Sci"},{"key":"2026101518362903200_qsag082-B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1002\/jsf2.151","volume":"3","author":"Verginelli","year":"2023","journal-title":"JSFA Rep"}],"container-title":["Journal of AOAC International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jaoac\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jaoacint\/qsag082\/70806563\/qsag082.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jaoac\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jaoacint\/qsag082\/70806563\/qsag082.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T22:36:35Z","timestamp":1792103795000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jaoac\/advance-article\/doi\/10.1093\/jaoacint\/qsag082\/8771248"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"references-count":43,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jaoacint\/qsag082","relation":{},"ISSN":["1060-3271","1944-7922"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1060-3271","type":"print"},{"value":"1944-7922","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"article-number":"qsag082"}}