{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T15:13:37Z","timestamp":1787238817945,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,20]],"date-time":"2020-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1587340800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013183","name":"Swine Innovation Porc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013183","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Canadian Swine Research and Development Cluster"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of diet complexity and l-Thr supplementation level on the growth performance, immune response, intestinal barrier function, and microbial metabolites in nursery pigs. Thirty-two weaned pigs (body weight 7.23 \u00b1 0.48 kg) were randomly assigned to dietary treatments in a 2 \u00d7 2 factorial arrangement based on diet complexity (complex or simple) and dietary Thr content. The complex diet contained fish meal, plasma protein, and dried whey to mimic a conventional nursery diet. The simple diet was formulated with corn, wheat, and soybean meal and did not contain any animal products. l-Thr was supplemented to each diet to supply either 100% (STD Thr) or 115% (SUP Thr) of the NRC (2012) requirement for standardized ileal digestible Thr. Pigs were individually housed and fed experimental diets ad libitum for 14 d. Diet complexity, dietary Thr content, and their interactions were considered the main effects. Pigs fed the simple diet had greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) plasma interleukin (IL)-10 and IL-6 concentrations compared with those fed the complex diet on days 7 and 14, respectively. Simple diet-fed pigs tended to show greater (P &amp;lt; 0.10) expression of genes encoding for tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1, claudin-1, and zonula occludens-1 in the jejunum compared with complex diet-fed pigs. The simple diet-fed pigs had greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) concentrations of NH3-N in the jejunum digesta than did complex diet-fed pigs. The SUP Thr increased (P &amp;lt; 0.05) villus height and goblet cell (GC) density in villi and crypts in the jejunum and deepened (P &amp;lt; 0.05) crypts in the proximal colon. The SUP Thr resulted in the upregulation (P &amp;lt; 0.05) of occludin gene expression and a tendency toward the downregulation (P = 0.10) of IL-6 gene expression in the jejunum. Interactions (P &amp;lt; 0.05) between diet complexity and l-Thr supplementation level were observed in GC density in the crypt, NH3-N concentration in the jejunum, and the contents of acetate, propionate, and total volatile fatty acids in the colon. In conclusion, feeding a simple diet to nursery pigs resulted in systemic and intestinal inflammation. The SUP Thr diet did not normalize the simple diet-induced inflammation but improved gut integrity. SUP Thr seems to have greater benefits with a simple diet than with a complex diet. Therefore, SUP Thr in a simple diet could be a beneficial nutritional strategy for enhancing gut health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skaa125","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,20]],"date-time":"2020-04-20T03:05:48Z","timestamp":1587351948000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Diet complexity and l-threonine supplementation: effects on growth performance, immune response, intestinal barrier function, and microbial metabolites in nursery pigs"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"Bonjin","family":"Koo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janghan","family":"Choi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengbo","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles Martin","family":"Nyachoti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020071514424900300_CIT0001","volume-title":"Gastrointestinal physiology","author":"Barrett","year":"2014","edition":"2"},{"key":"2020071514424900300_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2008.08.027","article-title":"Cytokine regulation of tight junctions","volume":"1788","author":"Capaldo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"2020071514424900300_CIT0003","first-page":"103","volume-title":"CCAC guidelines on: the care and use of farm animals in research, teaching and testing","author":"CCAC.","year":"2009"},{"key":"2020071514424900300_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pew240","article-title":"Effects of threonine supplementation on the growth performance, immunity, oxidative status, intestinal integrity, and barrier function of broilers at the early age","volume":"96","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Poult. Sci"},{"key":"2020071514424900300_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114518000740","article-title":"Dietary","volume":"119","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr"},{"key":"2020071514424900300_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.06029-11","article-title":"Occludin: one protein, many forms","volume":"32","author":"Cummins","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol"},{"key":"2020071514424900300_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3654","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pex185","article-title":"Effects of dietary threonine supplementation on intestinal barrier function and gut microbiota of laying hens","volume":"96","author":"Dong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Poult. Sci"},{"key":"2020071514424900300_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2090","DOI":"10.2527\/1994.7282090x","article-title":"Local and systemic immune responses to soybean protein ingestion in early-weaned pigs","volume":"72","author":"Dr\u00e9au","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2020071514424900300_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(61)89956-6","article-title":"Volatile fatty acid analyses of blood and rumen fluid by gas chromatography","volume":"44","author":"Erwin","year":"1961","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2020071514424900300_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1802","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/137.7.1802","article-title":"Threonine utilization for synthesis of acute phase proteins, intestinal proteins, and mucins is increased during sepsis in rats","volume":"137","author":"Faure","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Nutr"},{"key":"2020071514424900300_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1558","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/136.6.1558","article-title":"Specific amino acids increase mucin synthesis and microbiota in dextran sulfate sodium-treated rats","volume":"136","author":"Faure","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Nutr"},{"key":"2020071514424900300_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN20051375","article-title":"Catabolism through the threonine dehydrogenase pathway does not account for the high first-pass extraction rate of dietary threonine by the portal drained viscera in pigs","volume":"93","author":"Floc\u2019h","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr"},{"key":"2020071514424900300_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1080\/17450390701318358","article-title":"Characterization of the antigenic specificity of soybean protein beta-conglycinin and its effects on growth and immune function in rats","volume":"61","author":"Guo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. Anim. Nutr"},{"key":"2020071514424900300_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1080\/17450390902860026","article-title":"Soybean \u03b2-conglycinin-induced gut hypersensitivity reaction in a piglet model","volume":"63","author":"Hao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch. Anim. Nutr"},{"key":"2020071514424900300_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2015.09.003","article-title":"Effects of dietary threonine:lysine ratios and sanitary conditions on performance, plasma urea nitrogen, plasma-free threonine and lysine of weaned pigs","volume":"1","author":"Jayaraman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr"},{"key":"2020071514424900300_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7495","DOI":"10.1021\/jf800792y","article-title":"Health-promoting effects of a dietary fiber concentrate from the soybean byproduct okara in rats","volume":"56","author":"Jim\u00e9nez-Escrig","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem"},{"key":"2020071514424900300_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2016.02.007","article-title":"Physiology of intestinal absorption and secretion","volume":"30","author":"Kiela","year":"2016","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2020071514424900300_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.4110\/in.2014.14.6.277","article-title":"Gut microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids, T cells, and inflammation","volume":"14","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immune Netw"},{"key":"2020071514424900300_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2380","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2014-03902","article-title":"Fiber and nonstarch polysaccharide content and variation in common crops used in broiler diets","volume":"93","author":"Knudsen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Poult. Sci"},{"key":"2020071514424900300_CIT0020","first-page":"4060","article-title":"Effects of diet complexity and multicarbohydrase supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profile, intestinal morphology, and fecal score in newly weaned pigs","volume":"95","author":"Koo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2020071514424900300_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/121.5.672","article-title":"Effects of soybean fiber on cecal digestion in rats previously adapted to a fiber-free diet","volume":"121","author":"Levrat","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Nutr"},{"key":"2020071514424900300_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1790","DOI":"10.2527\/1990.6861790x","article-title":"Transient hypersensitivity to soybean meal in the early-weaned pig","volume":"68","author":"Li","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2020071514424900300_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1017\/S000711450769936X","article-title":"Amino acids and immune function","volume":"98","author":"Li","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr"},{"key":"2020071514424900300_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aat9076","article-title":"Colonocyte metabolism shapes the gut microbiota","volume":"362","author":"Litvak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2020071514424900300_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","article-title":"Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) method","volume":"25","author":"Livak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"2020071514424900300_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2790","DOI":"10.2527\/2004.8292790x","article-title":"Effects of diet complexity and dietary lactose levels during three starter phases on postweaning pig performance","volume":"82","author":"Mahan","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2020071514424900300_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/1745039X.2013.869988","article-title":"Effects of dietary threonine supplementation on immune challenge induced by swine pseudorabies live vaccine in weaned pigs","volume":"68","author":"Mao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Anim. Nutr"},{"key":"2020071514424900300_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.20539","article-title":"Intestinal barrier dysfunction in inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"15","author":"McGuckin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis"},{"key":"2020071514424900300_CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pew393","article-title":"Effects of dietary threonine levels on growth performance, serum biochemical indexes, antioxidant capacities, and gut morphology in broiler chickens","volume":"96","author":"Min","year":"2017","journal-title":"Poult. Sci"},{"key":"2020071514424900300_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-8401(03)00163-9","article-title":"A review of interactions between dietary fibre and the intestinal mucosa, and their consequences on digestive health in young non-ruminant animals","volume":"108","author":"Montagne","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol"},{"key":"2020071514424900300_CIT0031","first-page":"3","article-title":"Total nitrogen determination in plant material by means of the indophenol-blue method","volume":"22","author":"Novozamsky","year":"1974","journal-title":"Neth. J. Agric. Sci"},{"key":"2020071514424900300_CIT0032","volume-title":"Nutrient requirements of swine","author":"NRC.","year":"2012","edition":"11"},{"key":"2020071514424900300_CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1017\/S175173111100228X","article-title":"Meta-analysis of feed intake and growth responses of growing pigs after a sanitary challenge","volume":"6","author":"Pastorelli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"2020071514424900300_CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-6226(97)00057-2","article-title":"Factors influencing the structure and function of the small intestine in the weaned pig: a review","volume":"51","author":"Pluske","year":"1997","journal-title":"Livest. Prod. Sci"},{"key":"2020071514424900300_CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2017.12.004","article-title":"Gastrointestinal tract (gut) health in the young pig","volume":"4","author":"Pluske","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr"},{"key":"2020071514424900300_CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2014.05.013","article-title":"Increased levels of standardized ileal digestible threonine attenuate intestinal damage and immune responses in Escherichia coli K88+ challenged weaned piglets","volume":"195","author":"Ren","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol"},{"key":"2020071514424900300_CIT0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/135.4.765","article-title":"Threonine utilization is high in the intestine of piglets","volume":"135","author":"Schaart","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Nutr"},{"key":"2020071514424900300_CIT0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2013-6743","article-title":"Impact of nursery feeding program on subsequent growth performance, carcass quality, meat quality, and physical and chemical body composition of growing-finishing pigs","volume":"92","author":"Skinner","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"issue":"2 Pt 1","key":"2020071514424900300_CIT0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C183","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.1991.260.2.C183","article-title":"Functional biology of intestinal goblet cells","volume":"260","author":"Specian","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol"},{"key":"2020071514424900300_CIT0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V3112","article-title":"Regulation of solute and water balance and cell volume in the central nervous system","volume":"3","author":"Strange","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol"},{"key":"2020071514424900300_CIT0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2011.05.011","article-title":"Enterocyte death and intestinal barrier maintenance in homeostasis and disease","volume":"17","author":"Vereecke","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med"},{"key":"2020071514424900300_CIT0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.14.3.171","article-title":"Ammonia production by intestinal bacteria","volume":"14","author":"Vince","year":"1973","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"2020071514424900300_CIT0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2156","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731117001276","article-title":"Dietary supplementation with a nucleotide-rich yeast extract modulates gut immune response and microflora in weaned pigs in response to a sanitary challenge","volume":"11","author":"Waititu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"2020071514424900300_CIT0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-008-0152-4","article-title":"Amino acids and gut function","volume":"37","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"2020071514424900300_CIT0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.114.202515","article-title":"Glutamine enhances tight junction protein expression and modulates corticotropin-releasing factor signaling in the jejunum of weanling piglets","volume":"145","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nutr"},{"key":"2020071514424900300_CIT0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114510005660","article-title":"Intestinal barrier function and absorption in pigs after weaning: a review","volume":"105","author":"Wijtten","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr"},{"key":"2020071514424900300_CIT0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1079\/NRR200127","article-title":"Fermentation in the large intestine of single-stomached animals and its relationship to animal health","volume":"14","author":"Williams","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nutr. Res. Rev"},{"key":"2020071514424900300_CIT0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1080\/1828051X.2016.1148559","article-title":"Effects of soybean antigen proteins on intestinal permeability, 5-hydroxytryptamine levels and secretory IgA distribution in the intestine of weaned piglets","volume":"15","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ital. J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2020071514424900300_CIT0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G621","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00177.2003","article-title":"IL-6 is essential for development of gut barrier dysfunction after hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation in mice","volume":"285","author":"Yang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol"},{"key":"2020071514424900300_CIT0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1915","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms15021915","article-title":"\u03b2-Conglycinin reduces the tight junction occludin and ZO-1 expression in IPEC-J2","volume":"15","author":"Zhao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci"}],"container-title":["Journal of Animal Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jas\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jas\/skaa125\/33103808\/skaa125.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jas\/article-pdf\/98\/5\/skaa125\/33499696\/skaa125.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jas\/article-pdf\/98\/5\/skaa125\/33499696\/skaa125.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,21]],"date-time":"2022-10-21T15:51:43Z","timestamp":1666367503000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jas\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/jas\/skaa125\/5822610"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,20]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,20]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jas\/skaa125","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-8812","1525-3163"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-8812","type":"print"},{"value":"1525-3163","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,20]]},"article-number":"skaa125"}}