{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T07:46:15Z","timestamp":1790063175960,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]],"date-time":"2020-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590969600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AGL2015-68373-C2-1-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AGL2015-68373-C2-1-R"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>AbstractThe importance of fiber particle size in ruminal health is well known, but there are fewer studies to assess the requirements of physically effective NDF (peNDF) in beef cattle than in dairy cattle. The objective of this study was to establish the optimal peNDF proportion in high-concentrate diets fed to beef cattle, to reduce the risk of subacute ruminal acidosis. The experimental design was a replicated Latin Square 4 \u00d7 4, with four periods of 21 d. Treatments consisted of four diets with different peNDF proportions: 6.4%, 10.4%, 13.6%, and 15.4%, offered ad libitum as total mixed ration, and containing 15% barley straw and 85% concentrate. Diets, which differed in proportions of straw &amp;gt; 4 mm (considered peNDF) and straw &amp;lt; 4 mm, were manually mixed with concentrate. This concentrate was the same for all diets. A ruminal bolus was orally administered to each heifer for pH measurement. Intake, water consumption, intake by particle size, feed sorting, feeding behavior, behavioral activities, and rumen pH were recorded. Chemical composition and particle sizes of diets offered were assessed in the last week of each period. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Orthogonal contrasts determined the linear and quadratic effects of increasing peNDF proportion. T-test procedure determined whether heifers carried out sorting behavior. Particles &amp;gt;4 mm linearly increased (P = 0.001), and particles &amp;lt;4 mm linearly decreased (P = 0.001) as peNDF increased. Water consumption and feeding behavior were unaffected by treatment. As peNDF increased, intakes of DM and NDF linearly decreased (P = 0.001), whereas peNDF intake increased (P = 0.001). Intake of particles &amp;gt; 4 mm linearly increased, whereas intake of particles &amp;lt; 4 mm linearly decreased (P = 0.001) as peNDF increased. Diet 6.4% performed sorting for particles &amp;gt; 4 mm (P &amp;lt; 0.01), and diets 13.6% and 15.4% against particles &amp;gt; 4 mm (P &amp;lt; 0.01). Diet 10.4% tended to sort against particles &amp;gt; 4 mm (P &amp;lt; 0.10). Time spent ruminating linearly increased (P = 0.001) as peNDF increased. Diets did not differ in mean and minimum rumen pH, but time under rumen pH thresholds (5.8, 5.7, 5.6, and 5.5) linearly decreased as peNDF increased (P &amp;lt; 0.05). The results suggested that the diet that best met the requirements of not compromising intake, limiting sorting behavior, and promoting time spent ruminating to reduce the number of hours under rumen pH thresholds, was the 10.4% diet.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skaa192","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,9]],"date-time":"2020-06-09T16:17:19Z","timestamp":1591719439000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Increasing the content of physically effective fiber in high-concentrate diets fed to beef heifers affects intake, sorting behavior, time spent ruminating, and rumen pH"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"98","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9828-9505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lourdes","family":"Llonch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7762-192X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorena","family":"Castillejos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfred","family":"Ferret","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020062715335328300_CIT0001","volume-title":"Official methods of analysis","author":"AOAC.","year":"1990","edition":"15th ed."},{"key":"2020062715335328300_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(97)76074-0","article-title":"Relationship between fermentation acid production in the rumen and the requirement for physically effective fiber","volume":"80","author":"Allen","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2020062715335328300_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(00)75030-2","article-title":"Effects of diet on short-term regulation of feed intake by lactating dairy cattle","volume":"83","author":"Allen","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2020062715335328300_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0720(15)30794-5","article-title":"Ingestion and mastication of feed by dairy cattle","volume":"7","author":"Beauchemin","year":"1991","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract"},{"key":"2020062715335328300_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2117","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(05)72888-5","article-title":"Effects of physically effective fiber on intake, chewing activity, and ruminal acidosis for dairy cows fed diets based on corn silage","volume":"88","author":"Beauchemin","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2020062715335328300_CIT0006","first-page":"107","article-title":"Effective fiber for dairy diets","author":"Beauchemin","year":"2006"},{"key":"2020062715335328300_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(03)73641-8","article-title":"Effects of particle size of alfalfa-based dairy cow diets on chewing activity, ruminal fermentation, and milk production","volume":"86","author":"Beauchemin","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2020062715335328300_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(77)84030-7","article-title":"Feeding methods and grouping systems","volume":"60","author":"Coppock","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2020062715335328300_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3958","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2008-1347","article-title":"Repeated ruminal acidosis challenges in lactating dairy cows at high and low risk for developing acidosis: feed sorting","volume":"91","author":"Devries","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2020062715335328300_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1728","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2013-7252","article-title":"The duration of time that beef cattle are fed a high-grain diet affects feed sorting behavior both before and after acute ruminal acidosis1,2","volume":"92","author":"DeVries","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2020062715335328300_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2987","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(04)73430-X","article-title":"Effects of barley silage chop length on productivity and rumen conditions of lactating dairy cows fed a total mixed ration","volume":"87","author":"Einarson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2020062715335328300_CIT0012","volume-title":"Necesidades nutricionales para rumiantes de cebo: Normas FEDNA.","author":"FEDNA","year":"2008"},{"key":"2020062715335328300_CIT0013","first-page":"67","article-title":"Application of physically effective fiber in diets for feedlot cattle","author":"Fox","year":"2002"},{"key":"2020062715335328300_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4759","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2016-0734","article-title":"Effects of roughage inclusion and particle size on performance and rumination behavior of finishing beef steers","volume":"94","author":"Gentry","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2020062715335328300_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731108001663","article-title":"Increasing sodium bicarbonate level in high-concentrate diets for heifers. II. Effects on chewing and feeding behaviors","volume":"2","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2008","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"2020062715335328300_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3519","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2015-0195","article-title":"Technical note: impact of a molasses-based liquid feed supplement on the feed sorting behavior and growth of grain-fed veal calves","volume":"94","author":"Gordon","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2020062715335328300_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4404","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(06)72487-0","article-title":"Rumen lipopolysaccharide and inflammation during grain adaptation and subacute ruminal acidosis in steers","volume":"89","author":"Gozho","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2020062715335328300_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(90)78862-5","article-title":"Milk fat depression in dairy cows: role of particle size of alfalfa hay","volume":"73","author":"Grant","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2020062715335328300_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2786","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2008-1052","article-title":"Nutrient intake and feeding behavior of growing dairy heifers: effects of dietary dilution","volume":"91","author":"Greter","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2020062715335328300_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2693","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2014-8978","article-title":"Short communication: effect of straw inclusion rate in a dry total mixed ration on the behavior of weaned dairy calves","volume":"98","author":"Groen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2020062715335328300_CIT0021","first-page":"1","volume-title":"The Penn state particle separator","author":"Heinrichs","year":"2013"},{"key":"2020062715335328300_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3304","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(02)74419-6","article-title":"Effects of a subacute ruminal acidosis model on the diet selection of dairy cows","volume":"85","author":"Keunen","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2020062715335328300_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(03)73719-9","article-title":"Effects of increasing levels of refined cornstarch in the diet of lactating dairy cows on performance and ruminal pH","volume":"86","author":"Krause","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2020062715335328300_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2005.08.004","article-title":"Understanding and preventing subacute ruminal acidosis in dairy herds: a review","volume":"126","author":"Krause","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol"},{"key":"2020062715335328300_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(03)73634-0","article-title":"Effect of quantity, quality, and length of alfalfa hay on selective consumption by dairy cows","volume":"86","author":"Leonardi","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2020062715335328300_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skx051","article-title":"Effect of increasing the level of alfalfa hay in finishing beef heifer diets on intake, sorting, and feeding behavior","volume":"96","author":"Madruga","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2020062715335328300_CIT0028","first-page":"3322","article-title":"Effect of forage source included in total mixed ration on intake, sorting and feeding behavior of growing heifers fed high-concentrate diets","volume":"95","author":"Madruga","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2020062715335328300_CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3527","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2010-3718","article-title":"Effect of varying total mixed ration particle size on rumen digesta and fecal particle size and digestibility in lactating dairy cows","volume":"94","author":"Maulfair","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2020062715335328300_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(97)76075-2","article-title":"Creating a system for meeting the fiber requirements of dairy cows","volume":"80","author":"Mertens","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2020062715335328300_CIT0031","first-page":"40","article-title":"Measuring fiber and its effectiveness in ruminant diets","author":"Mertens","year":"2002"},{"key":"2020062715335328300_CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4624","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2013-6670","article-title":"Effect of early exposure to different feed presentations on feed sorting of dairy calves","volume":"96","author":"Miller-Cushon","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2020062715335328300_CIT0033","volume-title":"Nutrient requirements of beef cattle","author":"NASEM.","year":"2016","edition":"8th rev. ed."},{"key":"2020062715335328300_CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livprodsci.2004.07.015","article-title":"Effects of forage type on particle size distribution of ruminal digesta and faeces of non-lactating cows fed high quality forage","volume":"91","author":"Oshita","year":"2004","journal-title":"Livest. Prod. Sci"},{"key":"2020062715335328300_CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.2527\/1998.761275x","article-title":"Acidosis in cattle: a review","volume":"76","author":"Owens","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2020062715335328300_CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.2527\/1996.741226x","article-title":"Prediction of ruminal volatile fatty acids and pH within the net carbohydrate and protein system","volume":"74","author":"Pitt","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2020062715335328300_CIT0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2007.12.016","article-title":"Subacute ruminal acidosis in dairy cows: the physiological causes, incidence and consequences","volume":"176","author":"Plaizier","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. J"},{"key":"2020062715335328300_CIT0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021859600028859","article-title":"The validity of the critical size theory for particles leaving the rumen","volume":"94","author":"Poppi","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Agric. Sci"},{"key":"2020062715335328300_CIT0039","article-title":"Acidosis in feedlot cattle","author":"Stock","year":"1993"},{"key":"2020062715335328300_CIT0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3912","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(04)73530-4","article-title":"Effects of alfalfa particle size and specific gravity on chewing activity, digestibility, and performance of Holstein dairy cows","volume":"87","author":"Teimouri Yansari","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2020062715335328300_CIT0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3583","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(91)78551-2","article-title":"Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition","volume":"74","author":"Van Soest","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2020062715335328300_CIT0042","first-page":"1707","article-title":"Effects of roughage inclusion and particle size on digestion and ruminal fermentation characteristics of beef steers","volume":"95","author":"Weiss","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2020062715335328300_CIT0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2008-1379","article-title":"Increasing physically effective fiber content of dairy cow diets through forage proportion versus forage chop length: chewing and ruminal pH","volume":"92","author":"Yang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2020062715335328300_CIT0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2709","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(01)74725-X","article-title":"Barley processing, forage:concentrate, and forage length effects on chewing and digesta passage in lactating cows","volume":"84","author":"Yang","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2020062715335328300_CIT0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1006\/jtbi.2001.2425","article-title":"The use of mixed distribution models to determine bout criteria for analysis of animal behaviour","volume":"213","author":"Yeates","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Theor. Biol"},{"key":"2020062715335328300_CIT0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2046","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2007-0572","article-title":"Modeling the adequacy of dietary fiber in dairy cows based on the responses of ruminal pH and milk fat production to composition of the diet","volume":"91","author":"Zebeli","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2020062715335328300_CIT0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(06)72129-4","article-title":"Effects of physically effective fiber on digestive processes and milk fat content in early lactating dairy cows fed total mixed rations","volume":"89","author":"Zebeli","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci"}],"container-title":["Journal of Animal Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jas\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jas\/skaa192\/33371905\/skaa192.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jas\/article-pdf\/98\/6\/skaa192\/33438871\/skaa192.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jas\/article-pdf\/98\/6\/skaa192\/33438871\/skaa192.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,19]],"date-time":"2021-03-19T13:04:04Z","timestamp":1616159044000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jas\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/jas\/skaa192\/5855090"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,9]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jas\/skaa192","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-8812","1525-3163"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-8812","type":"print"},{"value":"1525-3163","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]]},"article-number":"skaa192"}}