{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T11:45:43Z","timestamp":1770896743188,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,15]],"date-time":"2021-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613347200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008370","name":"National Pork Board","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008370","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Pork Checkoff","award":["20-097"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20-097"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Euthanasia of mature swine is challenging. Temporal and behind-the-ear locations are two sites that have been identified as alternatives to the more commonly used frontal placement. In stage one, the effectiveness of two penetrating captive bolt gun styles (cylinder or pistol) was evaluated using frontal, temporal, and behind-the-ear placement in anesthetized mature swine (n = 36; weight: 267 \u00b1 41 kg). For stage one, when evaluating treatment efficacy by sex, the cylinder-style equipment was 100% effective in achieving death when applied to all cranial locations (frontal, temporal, and behind-the-ear) for sows; however, the pistol-style equipment was only 100% effective when applied at the behind-the-ear location for sows. For boars, the cylinder-style equipment was 100% effective when applied to the frontal and behind-the-ear location, but the pistol-style equipment was not effective for any cranial location in boars. Therefore, the pistol\u2013frontal, pistol\u2013temporal, pistol\u2013behind-the-ear, and cylinder\u2013temporal were not included for boars, and pistol\u2013frontal and pistol\u2013temporal were not included for sows in stage two. In stage two, commercial, mixed-breed, mature swine (n = 42; weight: 292 +\/\u2212 56 kg) were randomly assigned to one of four treatments based on the inclusion criteria described in stage one. A three-point traumatic brain injury (TBI) score (0 = normal; 1 = some abnormalities; 2 = grossly abnormal, unrecognizable) was used to evaluate six neuroanatomical structures (cerebral cortex, cerebellum, hypothalamus, thalamus, pons, and brain stem), and the presence of hemorrhage was also noted. All treatments were 100% effective in stage two. A significant interaction between gun style and placement was determined on predicting total TBI as the cylinder style produced a higher total TBI score compared with the pistol type of the magnitude of +2.8 (P &amp;lt; 0.01). The cylinder style tended to produce a greater TBI score than the pistol in the temporal location (+1.2; P = 0.08). No difference was noted for TBI score behind-the-ear between the cylinder- and pistol-style gun (P &amp;gt; 0.05). TBI tended to be less in boars compared with sows (\u22120.6; P = 0.08). Hemorrhage was observed in frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes. This study demonstrated that the cylinder-style captive bolt gun more effectively resulted in brain trauma and death compared with a pistol-style gun and the behind-the-ear and temporal placement showed promise as an alternative placement site for euthanizing mature pigs on-farm.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skab052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,15]],"date-time":"2021-02-15T22:54:47Z","timestamp":1613429687000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Validating the effectiveness of alternative euthanasia techniques using penetrating captive bolt guns in mature swine (<i>Sus scrofa domesticus<\/i>)"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"99","author":[{"given":"Scott A","family":"Kramer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Streetsboro, OH 44241, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brooklyn K","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ivelisse","family":"Robles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steve J","family":"Moeller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew S","family":"Bowman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Justin D","family":"Kieffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9ia Gon\u00e7alves","family":"Arruda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael D","family":"Cressman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Monique D","family":"Pairis-Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021031313200120100_CIT0001","first-page":"13","article-title":"Chapter 2: Major structures and functions of the brain","volume-title":"Discovering the brain","author":"Ackerman","year":"1992"},{"key":"2021031313200120100_CIT0002","first-page":"81","volume-title":"Specifying the risk to animal welfare with livestock slaughter without induced insensibility","author":"Adams","year":"2008"},{"key":"2021031313200120100_CIT0003","volume-title":"Guide for the care and use of agricultural animals in research and teaching (Ag guide)","author":"American Dairy Science Association, American Society of Animal Science and Poultry Science Association","year":"2010","edition":"3"},{"key":"2021031313200120100_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1093\/tas\/txz097","article-title":"Relationship of captive bolt stunning location with basic tissue measurements and exposed cross-sectional brain area in cadaver heads from market pigs","volume":"3","author":"Anderson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl. 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