{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T04:31:21Z","timestamp":1768710681655,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,21]],"date-time":"2021-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632182400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018686","name":"Landwirtschaftliche Rentenbank","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UBO 53C-50009_00_71030002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UBO 53C-50009_00_71030002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018686","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Consumers, industrial stakeholders, and the legislature demand a stronger focus on animal welfare of all livestock at the farm level by using suitable indicators in self-assessments. In order to deduce farms\u2019 animal welfare status reliably, factors that influence indicators\u2019 results need to be identified. Hence, this study aimed to apply possible animal welfare indicators for unweaned dairy calves on conventional dairy farms with early cow\u2013calf separation and evaluate influencing factors such as age and sex of calves or climatic conditions on the applied indicators\u2019 results. An animal welfare assessment using 7 resource-based and 14 animal-based indicators was conducted at 42 typical Western German dairy farms (844 calves) in 2018 and 2019 by two observers. The effect of influencing factors was calculated by binary and ordinal logistic regressions and expressed as odds ratios. Although every unweaned calf was assessed during the farm visits, most farms had relatively few unweaned calves (average number of calves \u00b1 standard deviation = 20.1 \u00b1 6.7 calves), with six farms having not more than 10 calves. The small sample sizes question the usage of those indicators to compare between farms and to set thresholds at the farm level. Only one assessed indicator (cleanliness core body) was not statistically affected by the evaluated influencing factors. Calf age was identified as the most decisive factor, as it affected 16 of 21 evaluated indicators, and calf age distribution on-farm varied greatly. Climatic conditions (ambient temperature and rainfall) influenced resource-based indicators such as access to concentrate and water or the cleanliness of feeding implements and bedding as well as animal-based cleanliness indicators and the occurrence of health-related impairments such as coughing and diarrhea. The authors found differences between calves on farms assessed by the different observers not only in resource-based hygiene indicators but also in animal-based indicators such as hyperthermia or hypothermia, highlighting the need for further evaluation of quality criteria in dairy calf welfare assessments. Nevertheless, animal welfare assessments by farmers themselves could be useful tools to sensitize farmers to animal welfare and thereby improve calves\u2019 welfare.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skab266","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,22]],"date-time":"2021-09-22T02:22:14Z","timestamp":1632277334000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Influences on the assessment of resource- and animal-based welfare indicators in unweaned dairy calves for usage by farmers"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"99","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4019-6178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jason J","family":"Hayer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Science, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1619-9742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorit","family":"Nysar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Science, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4147-7369","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9line","family":"Heinemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Science, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6464-2094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline D","family":"Leubner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Science, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0180-9859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Steinhoff-Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Science, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021101914343850200_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.7120\/09627286.22.2.185","article-title":"To inspect, to motivate\u2014or to do both? A dilemma for on-farm inspection of animal welfare","volume":"22","author":"Anneberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anim. Welf"},{"key":"2021101914343850200_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10266","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2019-16815","article-title":"Associations between colostrum management, passive immunity, calf-related hygiene practices, and rates of mortality in preweaning dairy calves","volume":"102","author":"Barry","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2021101914343850200_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.7120\/09627286.28.3.331","article-title":"Development of a welfare assessment protocol for dairy calves from birth through to weaning","volume":"28","author":"Barry","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anim. Welf"},{"key":"2021101914343850200_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jveb.2018.09.003","article-title":"Interobserver agreement and sensitivity to climatic conditions in sheltered dogs\u2019 welfare evaluation performed with welfare assessment protocol (Shelter Quality protocol)","volume":"29","author":"Berteselli","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Vet. Behav"},{"key":"2021101914343850200_CIT0005","first-page":"129","article-title":"The Welfare Quality\u00ae project and beyond: safeguarding farm animal well-being","volume":"60","author":"Blokhuis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta. Agric. Scand. A. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2021101914343850200_CIT0006","author":"BMEL (Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture).","year":"2019"},{"key":"2021101914343850200_CIT0007","volume-title":"Tierschutzindikatoren: Leitfaden f\u00fcr die Praxis-Rind: Vorschl\u00e4ge f\u00fcr die Produktionsrichtungen Milchkuh, Aufzuchtkalb, Mastrind","author":"Brinkmann","year":"2016"},{"key":"2021101914343850200_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2009-2689","article-title":"Short Communication: Repeatability of measures of rectal temperature in dairy cows","volume":"93","author":"Burfeind","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2021101914343850200_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9194","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2017-12825","article-title":"Consistency over time of animal-based welfare indicators as a further step for developing a welfare assessment monitoring scheme: the case of the animal welfare indicators protocol for dairy goats","volume":"100","author":"Can","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2021101914343850200_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1186\/s40064-016-2785-1","article-title":"Interobserver reliability of the \u2018Welfare Quality(\u00ae) animal welfare assessment protocol for growing pigs\u2019","volume":"5","author":"Czycholl","year":"2016","journal-title":"Springerplus"},{"key":"2021101914343850200_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.7120\/09627286.27.1.001","article-title":"Farmer perspectives on welfare outcome assessment: learnings from four farm assurance scheme consultation exercises","volume":"27","author":"van Dijk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anim. Welf"},{"key":"2021101914343850200_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2782","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2008-1807","article-title":"Calf mortality in Norwegian dairy herds","volume":"92","author":"Gulliksen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2021101914343850200_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0211417","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0211417","article-title":"How many to sample? Statistical guidelines for monitoring animal welfare outcomes","volume":"14","author":"Hampton","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2021101914343850200_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7039","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2020-19829","article-title":"Implementation of management recommendations in unweaned dairy calves in western Germany and associated challenges","volume":"104","author":"Hayer","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2021101914343850200_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"skaa391","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skaa391","article-title":"Hygiene management in newborn individually housed dairy calves focusing on housing and feeding practices","volume":"99","author":"Heinemann","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2021101914343850200_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8867","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2016-10994","article-title":"Short Communication: Changes in body temperature of calves up to 2 months of age as affected by time of day, age, and ambient temperature","volume":"99","author":"Hill","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2021101914343850200_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2020-18865","article-title":"A cross-sectional study of associations between herd-level calf mortality rates, compliance with legislation on calf welfare, and milk feeding management in Norwegian dairy herds","volume":"104","author":"Johnsen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2021101914343850200_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.138.25.612","article-title":"Welfare implications of identification of cattle by ear tags","volume":"138","author":"Johnston","year":"1996","journal-title":"Vet. Rec"},{"key":"2021101914343850200_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5675","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2016-12501","article-title":"Factors associated with dairy calf health in automated feeding systems in the Upper Midwest United States","volume":"100","author":"Jorgensen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2021101914343850200_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(70)86296-8","article-title":"Indoor versus outdoor calf rearing at three weaning ages","volume":"53","author":"Jorgenson","year":"1970","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2021101914343850200_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2015-9975","article-title":"Invited Review: Transitioning from milk to solid feed in dairy heifers","volume":"99","author":"Khan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2021101914343850200_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731113002267","article-title":"On-farm animal welfare assessment in beef bulls: consistency over time of single measures and aggregated Welfare Quality(\u00ae) scores","volume":"8","author":"Kirchner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"2021101914343850200_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-015-0134-y","article-title":"Results of an online questionnaire to survey calf management practices on dairy cattle breeding farms in Austria and to estimate differences in disease incidences depending on farm structure and management practices","volume":"57","author":"Klein-J\u00f6bstl","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Scand"},{"key":"2021101914343850200_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022029920000461","article-title":"Systems for evaluation of welfare on dairy farms","volume":"87","author":"Krueger","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dairy Res"},{"key":"2021101914343850200_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4014","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(06)72445-6","article-title":"Calf respiratory disease and pen microenvironments in naturally ventilated calf barns in winter","volume":"89","author":"Lago","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2021101914343850200_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.2527\/2000.7851219x","article-title":"The impact of gentle contacts on ease of handling, welfare, and growth of calves and on quality of veal meat","volume":"78","author":"Lensink","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2021101914343850200_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2293","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2017-13733","article-title":"Associations between management practices and within-pen prevalence of calf diarrhea and respiratory disease on dairy farms using automated milk feeders","volume":"101","author":"Medrano-Galarza","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2021101914343850200_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2009.11.018","article-title":"Risk factors for calving assistance and dystocia in pasture-based Holstein-Friesian heifers and cows in Ireland","volume":"187","author":"Mee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. J"},{"key":"2021101914343850200_CIT0029","first-page":"205","article-title":"Epidemiological aspects of dermatophyte infections in horses and cattle","volume":"45","author":"Moretti","year":"1998","journal-title":"Zentralbl. Veterinarmed. B"},{"key":"2021101914343850200_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2009.07.002","article-title":"Interdependence of welfare outcome measures and potential confounding factors on finishing pig farms","volume":"121","author":"Mullan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci"},{"key":"2021101914343850200_CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1712","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731118003701","article-title":"Inter- and intra-observer reliability of animal welfare indicators for the on-farm self-assessment of fattening pigs","volume":"13","author":"Pfeifer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"2021101914343850200_CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10030389","article-title":"Animal welfare assessment of fattening pigs: a case study on sample validity","volume":"10","author":"Pfeifer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"key":"2021101914343850200_CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2913","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2012-6010","article-title":"Perinatal, neonatal, and rearing period mortality of dairy calves and replacement heifers in France","volume":"96","author":"Raboisson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2021101914343850200_CIT0034","author":"Rawat","year":"2017"},{"key":"2021101914343850200_CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2438","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2015-9901","article-title":"Invited Review: Influence of climatic conditions on the development, performance, and health of calves","volume":"99","author":"Roland","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2021101914343850200_CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4769","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(06)72526-7","article-title":"Mortality in Swedish dairy calves and replacement heifers","volume":"89","author":"Svensson","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2021101914343850200_CIT0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5877(03)00046-1","article-title":"Morbidity in Swedish dairy calves from birth to 90 days of age and individual calf-level risk factors for infectious diseases","volume":"58","author":"Svensson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med"},{"key":"2021101914343850200_CIT0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10010087","article-title":"The effect of behavioural indicators of calf discomfort following routine procedures on cow maternal care","volume":"10","author":"Turner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"key":"2021101914343850200_CIT0039","author":"UCLA (ULCA: Statistical Consulting Group).","year":"2020"},{"key":"2021101914343850200_CIT0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.7120\/096272812799129439","article-title":"Assessing the welfare of dairy calves: outcome-based measures of calf health versus input-based measures of the use of risky management practices","volume":"21","author":"Vasseur","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anim. Welf"},{"key":"2021101914343850200_CIT0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1942","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731117003597","article-title":"Inter-observer reliability of animal-based welfare indicators included in the Animal Welfare Indicators welfare assessment protocol for dairy goats","volume":"12","author":"Vieira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"2021101914343850200_CIT0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1111\/jcms.12794","article-title":"Why do farm animal welfare regulations vary between EU member states? A comparative analysis of societal and party political determinants in France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the UK","volume":"57","author":"Vogeler","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Common Mark. Stud"},{"key":"2021101914343850200_CIT0043","first-page":"73","article-title":"The development of an epidemiologically based on-farm welfare assessment system for use with dairy cows","volume":"51","author":"Waiblinger","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta. Agric. Scand. A Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2021101914343850200_CIT0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1071\/AN16680","article-title":"Public concerns about dairy-cow welfare: how should the industry respond?","volume":"57","author":"Weary","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anim. Prod. Sci"},{"key":"2021101914343850200_CIT0045","volume-title":"Welfare Quality\u00ae assessment protocol for cattle","author":"Welfare Quality\u00ae.","year":"2009"},{"key":"2021101914343850200_CIT0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2018-15579","article-title":"Drinking water intake of newborn dairy calves and its effects on feed intake, growth performance, health status, and nutrient digestibility","volume":"102","author":"Wickramasinghe","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2021101914343850200_CIT0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6080","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2020-19507","article-title":"A focus group study of Ontario dairy producer perspectives on neonatal care of male and female calves","volume":"104","author":"Wilson","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2021101914343850200_CIT0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2013.10.019","article-title":"Factors associated with morbidity, mortality, and growth of dairy heifer calves up to 3 months of age","volume":"113","author":"Windeyer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med"}],"container-title":["Journal of Animal Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jas\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jas\/skab266\/40424408\/skab266.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jas\/article-pdf\/99\/10\/skab266\/40745449\/skab266.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jas\/article-pdf\/99\/10\/skab266\/40745449\/skab266.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]],"date-time":"2021-10-20T23:26:56Z","timestamp":1634772416000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jas\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/jas\/skab266\/6373523"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,21]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,21]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jas\/skab266","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-8812","1525-3163"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-8812","type":"print"},{"value":"1525-3163","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,21]]},"article-number":"skab266"}}