{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T18:18:59Z","timestamp":1792520339899,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,19]],"date-time":"2022-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642550400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of luteal color doppler (CD) ultrasonography and plasma concentrations of pregnancy-associated glycoproteins (PAG) for early pregnancy diagnosis in Bos taurus beef cows. Additionally, CD and PAG were evaluated as potential predictors of late embryonic\/early fetal mortality (LEM). Postpartum beef cows (n = 212) were exposed to estrus synchronization followed by fixed-time artificial insemination (day 0). On days 20 and 22, B-mode and CD ultrasonography were performed to evaluate corpus luteum (CL) morphometries and blood perfusion. Moreover, blood samples were collected on days 25 and 29 to quantify circulating concentrations of PAG. Conventional ultrasonography on days 29 and 100 was utilized as the gold-standard method for pregnancy diagnosis. Cows that experienced pregnancy loss between days 29 and 100 were classified as LEM. Pregnant cows had larger and more vascularized CL compared with nonpregnant cows on days 20 and 22 (P &amp;lt; 0.001 for all response variables). Accuracy for CD on days 20 and 22 were 87% and 92%, respectively. Accuracy for PAG on days 25 and 29 were 84% and 99%, respectively. No false negative (FN) results were observed for CD on both days 20 and 22; however, there were 7.1% FN results for PAG on day 25. Cows that experienced LEM had decreased (P = 0.04) circulating PAG on day 29 of gestation compared with cows that maintained pregnancy; however, there were no differences in luteal blood perfusion on days 20 and 22 (P \u2265 0.53) or circulating PAG on day 25 (P = 0.46) between LEM cows and cows that maintained pregnancy. Sensitivity and specificity of PAG on day 29 as predictors of LEM were 83% and 77%, respectively. In conclusion, CD resulted in accurate pregnancy diagnosis in B. taurus beef cows on both days 20 and 22 of gestation, while having no FN results. Circulating concentrations of PAG were decreased in cows that experienced LEM; however, further research is required to utilize PAG as a predictor of LEM commercially.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skac018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,19]],"date-time":"2022-01-19T14:29:26Z","timestamp":1642602566000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Luteal color doppler ultrasonography and pregnancy-associated glycoproteins as early pregnancy diagnostic tools and predictors of pregnancy loss in <i>Bos taurus<\/i> postpartum beef cows"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"100","author":[{"given":"Matthew Patrick","family":"Holton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Oosthuizen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ABS Global, DeForest, WI 53532, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriela Dalmaso de","family":"Melo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2471, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dylan Blake","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Robert Lawton","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ky Garret","family":"Pohler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2471, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8130-3617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Graham Cliff","family":"Lamb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2471, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1369-5641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro Levy Piza","family":"Fontes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022022313181486400_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-691X(93)90234-V","article-title":"Corpus luteum size and plasma progesterone levels in cattle after cloprostenol-induced luteolysis","volume":"39","author":"Assey","year":"1993","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"2022022313181486400_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.21451\/1984-3143-AR999","article-title":"Timed artificial insemination: current challenges and recent advances in reproductive efficiency in beef and dairy herds in Brazil","volume":"14","author":"Baruselli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod"},{"key":"2022022313181486400_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4486","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2013-6465","article-title":"Heifer calving date positively influences calf weaning weights through six parturitions.","volume":"91","author":"Cushman","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"2022022313181486400_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2019.09.014","article-title":"Using pregnancy associated glycoproteins (PAG) for pregnancy detection at day 24 of gestation in beef cattle","volume":"141","author":"Filho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"2022022313181486400_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/sky015","article-title":"Sire contribution to pregnancy loss and pregnancy-associated glycoprotein production in Nelore cows","volume":"96","author":"Franco","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2022022313181486400_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5118","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2012-5263","article-title":"Effect of calving distribution on beef cattle progeny performance","volume":"90","author":"Funston","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2022022313181486400_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.106.057653","article-title":"Temporal associations among pulses of 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGF2\u03b1, luteal blood flow, and luteolysis in cattle","volume":"76","author":"Ginther","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod"},{"key":"2022022313181486400_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2004.07.011","article-title":"The establishment of an ELISA for the detection of pregnancy-associated glycoproteins (PAGs) in the serum of pregnant cows and heifers","volume":"63","author":"Green","year":"2005","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"2022022313181486400_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2009.11.016","article-title":"Luteal blood flow is a more appropriate indicator for luteal function during the bovine estrous cycle than luteal size","volume":"73","author":"Herzog","year":"2010","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"2022022313181486400_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.1402660607","article-title":"Giant and binucleate trophoblast cells of mammals","volume":"266","author":"Hoffman","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Exp. Zool"},{"key":"2022022313181486400_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0830215","article-title":"Pregnancy-specific protein b, progesterone concentrations and embryonic mortality during early pregnancy in dairy cows","volume":"83","author":"Humblot","year":"1988","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"2022022313181486400_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-691X(90)90045-U","article-title":"Relationship between ultrasonic assessment of the corpus luteum and plasma progesterone concentration in heifers","volume":"33","author":"Kastelic","year":"1990","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"2022022313181486400_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1053\/plac.1999.0402","article-title":"DNA content and ploidy level of bovine placentomal trophoblast giant cells","volume":"20","author":"Klisch","year":"1999","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"2022022313181486400_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.15232\/pas.2015-01455","article-title":"Invited review: advantages of current and future reproductive technologies for beef cattle production","volume":"32","author":"Lamb","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prof. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2022022313181486400_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.2527\/2006.842332x","article-title":"Synchronization of estrus in suckled beef cows for detected estrus and artificial insemination and timed artificial insemination using gonadotropin-releasing hormone, prostaglandin F2\u03b1, and progesterone","volume":"84","author":"Larson","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2022022313181486400_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2020.04.001","article-title":"Applied use of interferon-tau stimulated genes expression in polymorphonuclear cells to detect pregnancy compared to other early predictors in beef cattle","volume":"152","author":"Melo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"2022022313181486400_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2020.02.009","article-title":"Increased pregnancy rate in beef heifers resynchronized with estradiol at 14 days after TAI","volume":"147","author":"Motta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"2022022313181486400_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.2003.tb11435.x","article-title":"Accuracy of bovine pregnancy detection using transrectal ultrasonography at 28 to 35 days after insemination","volume":"81","author":"Nation","year":"2003","journal-title":"Aust. Vet. J"},{"key":"2022022313181486400_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0211179","article-title":"Comparison of two bovine serum pregnancy tests in detection of artificial insemination pregnancies and pregnancy loss in beef cattle","author":"Northrop","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2022022313181486400_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2017.10.028","article-title":"Estrus synchronization and fixed-time artificial insemination alter calving distribution in Bos indicus influenced beef heifers.","volume":"106","author":"Oosthuizen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"2022022313181486400_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2020.01.064","article-title":"Early resynchronization of non-pregnant beef cows based in corpus luteum blood flow evaluation 21 days after timed-AI.","volume":"146","author":"Palh\u00e3o","year":"2020","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"2022022313181486400_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-691X(84)90411-4","article-title":"Ultrasonography of the bovine ovary","volume":"21","author":"Pierson","year":"1984","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"2022022313181486400_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4158","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2013-6348","article-title":"Circulating bovine pregnancy associated glycoproteins are associated with late embryonic\/fetal survival but not ovulatory follicle size in suckled beef cows","volume":"91","author":"Pohler","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2022022313181486400_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2016.01.026","article-title":"Use of bovine pregnancy-associated glycoproteins to predict late embryonic mortality in postpartum Nelore beef cows","volume":"85","author":"Pohler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"2022022313181486400_CIT0025","first-page":"1","article-title":"Conceptus-induced changes in the gene expression of blood immune cells and the ultrasound-accessed luteal function in beef cattle: how early can we detect pregnancy?","volume":"95","author":"Pugliesi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod"},{"key":"2022022313181486400_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2017.10.020","article-title":"Pregnancy diagnosis in cattle using pregnancy associated glycoprotein concentration in circulation at day 24 of gestation","volume":"106","author":"Reese","year":"2018","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"2022022313181486400_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2019.106251","article-title":"Pregnancy loss in beef cattle: a meta-analysis.","volume":"212","author":"Reese","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anim. Repro. Sci."},{"key":"2022022313181486400_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.113.114694","article-title":"Low doses of bovine somatotropin enhance conceptus development and fertility in lactating dairy cows","volume":"90","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod"},{"key":"2022022313181486400_CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2018.12.003","article-title":"Ultrasonography-accessed luteal size endpoint that most closely associates with circulating progesterone during the estrous cycle and early pregnancy in beef cows","volume":"201","author":"Rocha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci"},{"key":"2022022313181486400_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4055","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2011-4836","article-title":"An economic evaluation of estrous synchronization and timed artificial insemination in suckled beef cows 1","volume":"90","author":"Rodgers","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2022022313181486400_CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2011.02.006","article-title":"Reproductive cycles in Bos indicus cattle","volume":"124","author":"Sartori","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci"},{"key":"2022022313181486400_CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2016.04.016","article-title":"Metabolic and endocrine differences between Bos taurus and Bos indicus females that impact the interaction of nutrition with reproduction","volume":"86","author":"Sartori","year":"2016","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"2022022313181486400_CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6461","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2013-6814","article-title":"Color doppler flow imaging for the early detection of nonpregnant cattle at 20 days after timed artificial insemination","volume":"96","author":"Siqueira","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2022022313181486400_CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.2527\/2003.813571x","article-title":"Supplemental norgestomet, progesterone, or melengestrol acetate increases pregnancy rates in suckled beef cows after timed inseminations","volume":"81","author":"Stevenson","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"2022022313181486400_CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2111","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2014-8391","article-title":"Progesterone status, parity, body condition, and days postpartum before estrus or ovulation synchronization in suckled beef cattle influence artificial insemination pregnancy outcomes","volume":"93","author":"Stevenson","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2022022313181486400_CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-14-0485","article-title":"Placental PAGs: gene origins, expression patterns, and use as markers of pregnancy","author":"Wallace","year":"2015","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"2022022313181486400_CIT0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2016.04.037","article-title":"Pivotal periods for pregnancy loss during the first trimester of gestation in lactating dairy cows","volume":"86","author":"Wiltbank","year":"2016","journal-title":"Theriogenology"}],"container-title":["Journal of Animal Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jas\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jas\/skac018\/42241892\/skac018.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jas\/article-pdf\/100\/2\/skac018\/42587499\/skac018.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jas\/article-pdf\/100\/2\/skac018\/42587499\/skac018.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]],"date-time":"2022-02-23T16:59:09Z","timestamp":1645635549000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jas\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/jas\/skac018\/6511503"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,19]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,19]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jas\/skac018","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-8812","1525-3163"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-8812","type":"print"},{"value":"1525-3163","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,19]]},"article-number":"skac018"}}