{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T23:23:39Z","timestamp":1781306619344,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,9]],"date-time":"2022-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646784000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008370","name":"National Pork Board","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008370","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Pork Checkoff","award":["20-097"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20-097"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Electrocution and the use of a penetrating captive bolt gun (PCBG) are both acceptable methods of euthanasia for market weight swine. Research has demonstrated that a PCBG is effective in both growing and mature swine. Given limited to no published research base on electrocution in mature swine, the objectives of the present study were to evaluate the efficacy of a two-stage (head only followed by head to heart, 10\u00a0s contact for each) mobile electric stunner (E-STUN, Hubert HAAS TBG 96N) and to assess euthanasia outcomes when comparing E-STUN with the frontal placement of a heavy-duty PCBG (Jarvis, In-line Cylinder Style) when applied to heavy-weight (&amp;gt;200\u00a0kg) mature boars and sows. Effectiveness of the E-STUN and PCBG was evaluated first in unconscious anesthetized mature swine (n = 7 boars and sows per treatment; average weight 282\u00a0\u00b1\u00a048\u00a0kg, n = 28) to reduce the risk of failure in a conscious animal and then in conscious mature swine (n = 3 boars and sows per treatment; average weight 282\u00a0\u00b1\u00a063\u00a0kg, n = 12). Data from both stages were combined for analyses. Treatment efficacy was defined as any pig that achieved cardiac and respiratory arrest within 10\u00a0min after treatment application. A three-point traumatic brain injury score (0 = normal; 1 = some abnormalities; and 2 = grossly abnormal, unrecognizable) was used to evaluate six neuroanatomical structures (cerebral cortex, cerebellum, hypothalamus, thalamus, pons, and brain stem), and the presence of intracranial hemorrhage was also noted. All animals were immediately rendered insensible with E-STUN and PCBG, and no difference was noted between treatments for the detection of corneal reflex following treatment application (P = 0.11). Rhythmic breathing was absent following the administration of either E-STUN or PCBG. When evaluating the time to last heartbeat, there was a significant interaction between sex and treatment. Boars euthanized via E-STUN had a 346.8-s decrease in time to last heartbeat compared with boars euthanized via PCBG (P &amp;lt; 0.001), and females euthanized via E-STUN had a 479.3-s decrease in time to last heartbeat compared with females euthanized via PCBG (P &amp;lt; 0.001). Intracranial hemorrhage was common for both methods, and visible disruption of neural tissue was evident due to the physical nature of the PCBG. This study demonstrated that a mobile E-STUN system is as effective as a heavy-duty PCBG in inducing insensibility and death and shows promise as an alternative method for euthanizing mature pigs on-farm.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skac072","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,9]],"date-time":"2022-03-09T16:47:30Z","timestamp":1646844450000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Technical Note: Validation of the effectiveness of electric stunning for euthanasia of mature swine (<i>Sus scrofa domesticus<\/i>)"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"100","author":[{"given":"Scott A","family":"Kramer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Riverdale, MD 20737, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brooklyn K","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steve J","family":"Moeller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew S","family":"Bowman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin D","family":"Kieffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9ia","family":"Gon\u00e7alves Arruda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael D","family":"Cressman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monique D","family":"Pairis-Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022041116275828700_CIT0001","volume-title":"Guide for the care and use of agricultural animals in research and teaching","author":"American Dairy Science Association, American Society of Animal Science and Poultry Science Association.","year":"2010","edition":"3"},{"key":"2022041116275828700_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1093\/tas\/txz097","article-title":"Relationship of captive bolt stunning location with basic tissue measurements and exposed cross-sectional brain area in cadaver heads from market pigs.","volume":"3","author":"Anderson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl. 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