{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T23:14:38Z","timestamp":1781219678034,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":231,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,3]],"date-time":"2022-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654214400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The contribution of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from ruminant production systems varies between countries and between regions within individual countries. The appropriate quantification of GHG emissions, specifically methane (CH4), has raised questions about the correct reporting of GHG inventories and, perhaps more importantly, how best to mitigate CH4 emissions. This review documents existing methods and methodologies to measure and estimate CH4 emissions from ruminant animals and the manure produced therein over various scales and conditions. Measurements of CH4 have frequently been conducted in research settings using classical methodologies developed for bioenergetic purposes, such as gas exchange techniques (respiration chambers, headboxes). While very precise, these techniques are limited to research settings as they are expensive, labor-intensive, and applicable only to a few animals. Head-stalls, such as the GreenFeed system, have been used to measure expired CH4 for individual animals housed alone or in groups in confinement or grazing. This technique requires frequent animal visitation over the diurnal measurement period and an adequate number of collection days. The tracer gas technique can be used to measure CH4 from individual animals housed outdoors, as there is a need to ensure low background concentrations. Micrometeorological techniques (e.g., open-path lasers) can measure CH4 emissions over larger areas and many animals, but limitations exist, including the need to measure over more extended periods. Measurement of CH4 emissions from manure depends on the type of storage, animal housing, CH4 concentration inside and outside the boundaries of the area of interest, and ventilation rate, which is likely the variable that contributes the greatest to measurement uncertainty. For large-scale areas, aircraft, drones, and satellites have been used in association with the tracer flux method, inverse modeling, imagery, and LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging), but research is lagging in validating these methods. Bottom-up approaches to estimating CH4 emissions rely on empirical or mechanistic modeling to quantify the contribution of individual sources (enteric and manure). In contrast, top-down approaches estimate the amount of CH4 in the atmosphere using spatial and temporal models to account for transportation from an emitter to an observation point. While these two estimation approaches rarely agree, they help identify knowledge gaps and research requirements in practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skac197","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,3]],"date-time":"2022-06-03T12:43:50Z","timestamp":1654260230000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":102,"title":["Quantification of methane emitted by ruminants: a review of methods"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"100","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1883-4911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis Orlindo","family":"Tedeschi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University , College Station, TX 77843-2471 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adibe Luiz","family":"Abdalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of Sao Paulo , Piracicaba CEP 13416.000 , Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clementina","family":"\u00c1lvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research, TINE SA , Christian Magnus Falsens vei 12, 1433 \u00c5s , Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel Weniga","family":"Anuga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European University Institute (EUI) , Via dei Roccettini 9, San Domenico di Fiesole (FI) , Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacobo","family":"Arango","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) , Km 17 Recta Cali-Palmira, A.A, 6713, Cali , Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen A","family":"Beauchemin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre , Lethbridge, Alberta, T1J 4B1 , Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Becquet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Feed Industry Federation , 51657 Wiehl , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandre","family":"Berndt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Embrapa Southeast Livestock , Rod. 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Meath, C15PW93 , Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Mathot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agricultural Systems Unit, Walloon Agricultural Research Centre , rue du Serpont 100, B-6800 Libramont , Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rogerio M","family":"Mauricio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Federal University of S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o del-Rei , S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o del-Rei, MG 36307-352 , Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shelby C","family":"McClelland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Production and Health Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations , Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome , Italy"},{"name":"Soil and Crop Sciences, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University , Ithaca, NY 14853 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mutian","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich , Universitaetstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich , Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice Anyango","family":"Onyango","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mazingira Centre, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) , Nairobi , Kenya"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Maseno University , Maseno , Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ranjan","family":"Parajuli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EcoEngineers , Des Moines, IA 50309 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luiz Gustavo Ribeiro","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Embrapa Dairy Cattle , Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais , Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agustin","family":"del Prado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Basque Centre For Climate Change (BC3) , Leioa , Spain"},{"name":"IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science , Bilbao , Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Paz Tieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dairy Value Chain Research Institute (IDICAL) (INTA\u2013CONICET) , Rafaela , Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aimable","family":"Uwizeye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Production and Health Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations , Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome , Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0833-1352","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ermias","family":"Kebreab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, University of California , Davis, CA 95616 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"2022070713171952200_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-011-9992-0","article-title":"In vitro evaluation, in vivo quantification, and microbial diversity studies of nutritional strategies for reducing enteric methane production.","volume":"44","author":"Abdalla","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trop. 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