{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T19:14:03Z","timestamp":1792696443868,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]],"date-time":"2022-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658793600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The aim of this study was to evaluate the genotype x environment interaction (GxE) for scrotal circumference (SC) measured at different ages using pedigree-based (A\u22121) and pedigree and genomic-based (H\u22121) relationship matrices. Data from 1,515 Brahman bulls, from the Cooperative Research Centre for Beef Genetic Technologies (Beef CRC) experimental dataset, were used in this study. SC was adjusted to age and body weight measured at 6 mo (SC6), 12 mo (SC12), 18 mo (SC18), and 24 mo of age (SC24). Body weight (BW) measured at 6 mo (BW6), 12 mo (BW12), 18 mo (BW18), and 24 mo of age (BW24) was used as criteria to describe the environment for SC in each age. All the animals measured were genotyped using medium-density SNP chips (\u201c50k\u201d or \u201c70k\u201d SNP) and their genotype were imputed using a reference panel with 729,068 SNP. The environment gradient (EG) was obtained by standardizing the solutions of the contemporary groups obtained by Animal Model with BW as the dependent variable. Then, the reaction norms (RN) were determined through a Random Regression Model. The breeding values (EBV) were estimated using either A\u22121 or H\u22121. The rank correlation was obtained using Spearman\u2019s correlation among the EBV estimated for the traits in analysis. For SC6 and SC24, higher estimates of heritability (h\u00b2) were obtained using A\u22121, when compared with those observed with H\u22121. In those ages, the improvement of the environment decreases the h\u00b2 coefficient. On the other hand, the h\u00b2 for SC12 and SC18 increased as the environment became more favorable, regardless of the matrix used. The RN for SC6 and SC24 estimated using A\u22121 and H\u22121 showed a decrease of variance from the worst to the best environment, an indication of existence of GxE. On the other hand, for SC12 and SC18, there were no significant differences between the EBV estimated in the lower and in the higher environments, regardless of the kinship matrix used, suggesting absence of GxE on those ages. Spearman\u2019s correlation among EBV estimated using A\u22121 and H\u22121 in different EG was practically equal to unity for all traits evaluated. In our study, there was weak evidence of GxE effect on SC in ages suitable for selection for sexual precocity. So, the absence of GxE at 12 and 18 mo means that these ages are advantageous for measuring SC to selection for sexual precocity. The advantage is that no changes in classification were observed when the sires were evaluated in different environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skac236","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]],"date-time":"2022-07-26T17:03:04Z","timestamp":1658854984000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Weak genotype x environment interaction suggests that measuring scrotal circumference at 12 and 18 mo of age is helpful to select precocious Brahman cattle"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"100","author":[{"given":"B\u00e1rbara M","family":"Nascimento","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Paran\u00e1 , Curitiba, Paran\u00e1 , Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Carvalheiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Paulista State University, FCAV , Jaboticabal, S\u00e3o Paulo , Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo de A","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Paran\u00e1 , Curitiba, Paran\u00e1 , Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laila T","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Paran\u00e1 , Curitiba, Paran\u00e1 , Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7254-1960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina R S","family":"Fortes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022091216345051600_CIT0001","author":"Auguie","year":"2017"},{"key":"2022091216345051600_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2008-1719","article-title":"Estimation of genetic parameters for body weights, scrotal circumference, and testicular volume measured at different ages in Nellore cattle","volume":"88","author":"Boligon","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2022091216345051600_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3088","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2012-5827","article-title":"Accuracy of prediction of genomic breeding values for residual feed intake and carcass and meat quality traits in Bos taurus, Bos indicus, and composite beef cattle","volume":"91","author":"Bolormaa","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2022091216345051600_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1186\/1297-9686-4-1-117","article-title":"Genotype x environment interactions.","volume":"4","author":"Bowman","year":"1972","journal-title":"Ann. G\u00e9n\u00e9t. S\u00e9l. Anim"},{"key":"2022091216345051600_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2010.02.021","article-title":"High-resolution detection of identity by descent in unrelated individuals","volume":"86","author":"Browning","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet"},{"key":"2022091216345051600_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1071\/AN12162","article-title":"Male traits and herd reproductive capability in tropical beef cattle. 1. Experimental design and animal measures","volume":"53","author":"Burns","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anim. Prod. Sci"},{"key":"2022091216345051600_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1005048","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1005048","article-title":"Genomic heritability: what is it?","volume":"11","author":"de los Campos","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"key":"2022091216345051600_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2130","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2011-4333","article-title":"Linear reaction norm models for genetic merit prediction of Angus cattle under genotype by environment interaction","volume":"90","author":"Cardoso","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2022091216345051600_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s12711-019-0470-x","article-title":"Unraveling genetic sensitivity of beef cattle to environmental variation under tropical conditions","volume":"51","author":"Carvalheiro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Genet. Sel. Evol"},{"key":"2022091216345051600_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2014-8217","article-title":"Genotype \u00d7 environment interaction for age at first calving, scrotal circumference, and yearling weight in Nellore cattle using reaction norms in multitrait random regression models.","volume":"93","author":"Chiaia","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2022091216345051600_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1071\/AN12163","article-title":"Male traits and herd reproductive capability in tropical beef cattle. 2. Genetic parameters of bull traits","volume":"53","author":"Corbet","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anim. Prod. Sci"},{"key":"2022091216345051600_CIT0012","volume-title":"Introduction to quantitative genetics","author":"Falconer","year":"1996","edition":"4"},{"key":"2022091216345051600_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1071\/AN11165","article-title":"Finding genes for economically important traits: Brahman cattle puberty","volume":"52","author":"Fortes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anim. Prod. Sci"},{"key":"2022091216345051600_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/s12711-020-00563-5","article-title":"X chromosome variants are associated with male fertility traits in two bovine populations","volume":"52","author":"Fortes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Genet. Sel. Evol"},{"key":"2022091216345051600_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.112.101089","article-title":"Candidate genes associated with testicular development, sperm quality, and hormone levels of inhibin, luteinizing hormone, and insulin-like growth factor 1 in Brahman bulls","volume":"87","author":"Fortes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod"},{"key":"2022091216345051600_CIT0016","first-page":"11","article-title":"Genotype by environment interaction in Nordic dairy cattle studied using reaction norms","volume":"52","author":"Kolmodin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Agric. Scand. A"},{"key":"2022091216345051600_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7151","DOI":"10.4238\/2015.June.29.9","article-title":"Reaction norms for the study of genotype-environment interaction for growth and indicator traits of sexual precocity in Nellore cattle","volume":"14","author":"Lemos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Genet. Mol. Res"},{"key":"2022091216345051600_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-09352013000600003","article-title":"Per\u00edmetro escrotal e caracter\u00edsticas seminais de touros da ra\u00e7a Nelore selecionados para precocidade sexual","volume":"65","author":"Lima","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec"},{"key":"2022091216345051600_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.2527\/2003.8161414x","article-title":"Growth and pubertal development in Brahman-, Boran-, Tuli-, Belgian Blue-, Hereford- and Angussired F1 bulls","volume":"81","author":"Lunstra","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2022091216345051600_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24372448","DOI":"10.5433\/1679-0359.2014v35n5p2437","article-title":"Testis size, peripheral concentrations of testosterone, semen criteria and Sertoli and germ cell numbers in Nelore bulls","volume":"35","author":"Menezes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semin. Cienc. Agrar"},{"key":"2022091216345051600_CIT0021","volume-title":"Manual for BLUPF90 family of programs","author":"Misztal","year":"2018"},{"key":"2022091216345051600_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1111\/age.12902","article-title":"Genomic reaction norm models exploiting genotype x environment interaction on sexual precocity indicator traits in Nellore cattle.","volume":"51","author":"Mota","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anim. Gen"},{"key":"2022091216345051600_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20190183","DOI":"10.37496\/rbz4920190183","article-title":"Alternative adjustment of scrotal circumference for growth traits in Nellore cattle","volume":"49","author":"Nascimento","year":"2020","journal-title":"R. Bras. Zootec"},{"key":"2022091216345051600_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skx006","article-title":"Reaction norm for yearling weight in beef cattle using single-step genomic evaluation","volume":"96","author":"Oliveira","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2022091216345051600_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1071\/AN15458","article-title":"Genetic analyses on bodyweight, reproductive, and carcass traits in composite beef cattle","volume":"57","author":"Pires","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anim. Prod. Sci"},{"key":"2022091216345051600_CIT0026","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team.","year":"2020"},{"key":"2022091216345051600_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.2307\/2527750","article-title":"The sampling variance of the genetic correlation coefficient","volume":"15","author":"Robertson","year":"1959","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"2022091216345051600_CIT0028","first-page":"13","article-title":"AMC \u2013 a computer program to assess the degree of connectedness among contemporary groups","volume":"8","author":"Roso","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. World Cong. Gen. App. Liv. Prod"},{"key":"2022091216345051600_CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/s13353-014-0242-9","article-title":"Multi-trait linear reaction norm model to describe the pattern of phenotypic expression of some economic traits in beef cattle across a range of environments.","volume":"56","author":"Santana","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Appl. Genetics"},{"key":"2022091216345051600_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731112001711","article-title":"Phenotypic plasticity of composite beef cattle performance using reaction norms model with unknown covariate","volume":"7","author":"Santana","year":"2013","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"2022091216345051600_CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2019.01.032","article-title":"Genetic analysis of female reproductive efficiency, scrotal circumference and growth traits in Nelore cattle","volume":"128","author":"Schmidt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"2022091216345051600_CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2061","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2010-3525","article-title":"Testicular traits as selection criteria for young Nellore bulls","volume":"89","author":"Silva","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2022091216345051600_CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1111\/jbg.12438","article-title":"Genome-wide association study for age at puberty in young Nelore bulls","volume":"137","author":"Stafuzza","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anim. Breed. Genet"},{"key":"2022091216345051600_CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2005-517","article-title":"Bayesian analysis of the linear reaction norm model with unknown covariates","volume":"84","author":"Su","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2022091216345051600_CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"s172","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731118000599","article-title":"Review: genomics of bull fertility","volume":"12","author":"Taylor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"2022091216345051600_CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2706","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2014-8817","article-title":"Genetic associations between scrotal circumference and female reproductive traits in Nelore cattle","volume":"93","author":"Terakado","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2022091216345051600_CIT0037","author":"Tierney","year":"2020"},{"key":"2022091216345051600_CIT0038","author":"Wei","year":"2017"},{"key":"2022091216345051600_CIT0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24277-4","volume-title":"ggplot2: Elegant graphics for data analysis","author":"Wickham","year":"2016"},{"key":"2022091216345051600_CIT0040","author":"Wickham","year":"2021"}],"container-title":["Journal of Animal Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jas\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jas\/skac236\/45084290\/skac236.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jas\/article-pdf\/100\/9\/skac236\/45803982\/skac236.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jas\/article-pdf\/100\/9\/skac236\/45803982\/skac236.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,12]],"date-time":"2022-09-12T16:35:47Z","timestamp":1663000547000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jas\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/jas\/skac236\/6650229"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jas\/skac236","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-8812","1525-3163"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-8812","type":"print"},{"value":"1525-3163","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]]},"article-number":"skac236"}}