{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T14:39:04Z","timestamp":1787927944199,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,3]],"date-time":"2022-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659484800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004576","name":"Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20-07-0025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20-07-0025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004576","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Monitoring cardiovascular and respiratory measurements corresponds to the precision livestock farming (PLF) objective to continuously monitor and assess dairy cows\u2019 welfare and health. Changes in heart rate, breathing rate, and oxygen saturation (SpO2) are valuable metrics in human and veterinary medicine to assess stress, pain, illness, and detect critical conditions. The common way to measure heart rate is either manually or with a stethoscope. Under research conditions, heart rate is usually measured with a sports watch chest belt. Breathing rate is obtained by counting the cow\u2019s flank movements which is a time-consuming and labor-intensive method that requires training and is prone to human error. No devices are available on the market that enable practical and easy pulse oximetry in farm animals. This study presents a wireless nose ring sensor system (NoRS) composed of thermal and photoplothysmography sensors that attach to the nostrils of four Holstein dairy cows. The NoRS\u2019s thermocouple measured the cow\u2019s nasal cavity air temperature; an optic sensor measured the IR (660 nm) and RED (660 nm) signals reflected from the cow\u2019s nasal septum. Breathing was calculated from the thermocouple signal\u2019s center frequency with a fast Fourier transformation or the signal peak count (i.e., oscillations). The breathing rate was compared to breathing observed by concurrently counting the flank movements. Heart rate and SpO2 were measured by integrated pulse oximetry and heart rate monitor module (MAX30101 TinyCircuit) assembled on the NoRS circuit. Heart rate was also measured with FFT and by counting the number of peaks from the optic sensor\u2019s raw IR and RED signals. These measures were compared to an off-the-shelf hand-held pulse oximeter\u2019s heart rate and SpO2 readings during the same time. The comparisons revealed highly significant correlations for the heart rate readings where the strength of the correlation was sensitive to the method. The correlation between breathing rate and the veterinarian\u2019s visual observations was low, albeit significant. Thus, inhale-exhale cycle counting constitutes a more precise approach than flank movement counts. The hand-held device\u2019s 96% SpO2 is compatible with near-saturation values expected in healthy cows. The mean NoRS SpO2 reading was 3% less. After further piloting under field conditions, the NoRS will require no animal restraining to automatically and continuously record cows\u2019 breathing rate, heart rate, and SpO2.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skac240","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,3]],"date-time":"2022-08-03T18:29:19Z","timestamp":1659551359000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Technical note: a nose ring sensor system to monitor dairy cow cardiovascular and respiratory metrics"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"100","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9771-0452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yael","family":"Salzer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Research Organization\u2014Volcani Institute , Rishon LeZion 7505101 , Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guy","family":"Lidor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Research Organization\u2014Volcani Institute , Rishon LeZion 7505101 , Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lavie","family":"Rosenfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Research Organization\u2014Volcani Institute , Rishon LeZion 7505101 , Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liad","family":"Reshef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Research Organization\u2014Volcani Institute , Rishon LeZion 7505101 , Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ben","family":"Shaked","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Research Organization\u2014Volcani Institute , Rishon LeZion 7505101 , Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Grinshpun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Research Organization\u2014Volcani Institute , Rishon LeZion 7505101 , Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hen H","family":"Honig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Research Organization\u2014Volcani Institute , Rishon LeZion 7505101 , Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hadar","family":"Kamer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization\u2014Volcani Institute , Rishon LeZion 7505101 , Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moria","family":"Balaklav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Research Organization\u2014Volcani Institute , Rishon LeZion 7505101 , Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maya","family":"Ross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization\u2014Volcani Institute , Rishon LeZion 7505101 , Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022092213275430600_CIT0001","first-page":"990","article-title":"Consistency of feed efficiency ranking and mechanisms associated with inter-animal variation among growing calves","volume":"96","author":"Asher","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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