{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T06:13:03Z","timestamp":1771654383818,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659312000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>African swine fever (ASF) is an important transboundary animal disease with a high mortality rate. The high African swine fever virus (ASFV) titers in the excretion of infected wild boar possibly contaminate the feed ingredient. Once contaminated, it could support persistent residual titer of the ASFV. The chemical inactivation of imported feed ingredients is a precautionary risk management measure to restrict the import risk of ASFV through international trade. The log ASFV titers were linearly reduced as a function of the inactivation time after exposure to 0.03%, 0.05%, 0.1%, and 0.2% formaldehyde-based product (FBP). A four-log reduction of ASFV titer was achieved after exposure to 0.2% FBP and 0.03%\u20130.1% FBP for 30-min and 60-min inactivation times, respectively. The decimal reduction time or D value is defined as the time required to inactivate the virus titer by 1 log. The ASFV inactivation rate from the independent experiment of FBP concentration was converted to a D value. The observed mean D0.2%, D0.1%, D0.05%, and D0.03% of FBP were 13.4, 44.9, 45.0, and 45.3 min per log reduction of ASFV, respectively. The interpretation of D0.2% of FBP is that the ASFV titer is inactivated by 1 log after being exposed to 0.2% FBP for every 13.4 min. A more effective chemical has a lower D value because of a shorter inactivation time required to achieve the same 1-log reduction. In addition, the hypothetical inactivation time by any chemical additive is scenario-specific and is calculated by the product of D value (at a certain concentration) and log titers of residual ASFV. This study introduces the concept and application of the D value to compare the virucidal activity of chemicals and to determine the hypothetical inactivation time of chemicals depending on the chemical concentration including the virus titer in the feed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skac248","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T16:20:20Z","timestamp":1659370820000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Inactivation rate of African swine fever virus by a formaldehyde-based product"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"100","author":[{"given":"Van Phan","family":"Le","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture , Hanoi , Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thi Bich Ngoc","family":"Trinh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture , Hanoi , Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Van Tam","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture , Hanoi , Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thi Lan","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture , Hanoi , Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suphachai","family":"Nuanualsuwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Chulalongkorn University , Bangkok 10330 , Thailand"},{"name":"Center of Excellence for Food and Water Risk Analysis (FAWRA), Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University , Bangkok , Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022102016583664300_CIT0001","first-page":"88","volume-title":"African swine fever: detection and diagnosis \u2013 A manual for veterinarians.","author":"Beltran-Alcrudo","year":"2017"},{"key":"2022102016583664300_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2014.12.003","article-title":"Factors affecting the infectivity of tissues from pigs with classical swine fever: thermal inactivation rates and oral infectious dose","volume":"176","author":"Cowan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. 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