{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T10:19:40Z","timestamp":1772446780661,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,3]],"date-time":"2022-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662163200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Twenty-four gilts (PIC 337 \u00d7 1050, PIC Genus, Hendersonville, TN) with an initial body weight (BW) of 33.09 \u00b1 1.33 kg were used to investigate the effects of benzoic acid (BA) and a Bacillus-based direct-fed microbial (DFM) on the nutrient metabolism and manure gas emissions of growing pigs. Pigs were blocked by BW, placed into metabolism stalls, and randomly assigned to one of four dietary treatments: basal control (PC), low nitrogen (NC), PC plus 0.3% BA (PC+BA; VevoVitall, DSM Nutritional Products), and PC plus 0.3% BA and 0.025% DFM (PC+BA+DFM; PureGro, DSM Nutritional Products). Pigs were fed a common diet from day 0 to 14, and the experimental diets were fed in two phases (day 14 to 28 and day 28 to 53). The experiment consisted of four collection periods, with each period subdivided into two subperiods to collect samples for gas emissions and nutrient balance. Firstly, manure samples were collected for 72 h. Twice daily, urine and feces were weighed, and urine pH was measured. After each period, manure was subsampled and taken to the lab to measure gas emissions. Secondly, urine and feces were quantitatively collected for 96 h to allow for measurement of nutrient digestibility (ATTD) and retention. Data were analyzed as repeated measures in SAS 9.4 (SAS Inst., Cary, NC) with fixed effects of treatment, collection period, and block. Pig was the experimental unit, and results were considered significant at P \u2264 0.05 and a tendency at 0.05 &amp;lt; P \u2264 0.10. Pigs fed PC+BA had the greatest ADG compared to pigs fed NC (P = 0.016), with intermediate ADG for pigs fed PC or PC+BA+DFM (P \u2265 0.148). The ATTD of dry matter, gross energy, P, and N did not differ between treatments (P \u2265 0.093). However, the ATTD of Ca was reduced in pigs fed PC+BA+DFM compared to pigs fed PC+BA (P = 0.012). Pigs fed PC+BA or NC excreted less urinary N compared to PC and PC+BA+DFM (P \u2264 0.034), which contributed to greater nitrogen retention in PC+BA compared to PC (P = 0.016). Furthermore, decreased manure pH from pigs fed PC+BA or NC resulted in lower ammonia (NH3) emissions compared to pigs fed PC+BA+DFM or PC. There was no effect of dietary treatment on manure hydrogen sulfide, methane, or carbon dioxide emissions. In conclusion, supplementing 0.3% BA improved N retention and reduced manure pH and NH3 emissions, similar to feeding pigs low N, but improved the ADG of pigs when compared to feeding a low N diet.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skac296","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,3]],"date-time":"2022-09-03T12:09:16Z","timestamp":1662206956000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["The effect of benzoic acid with or without a direct-fed microbial on the nutrient metabolism and gas emissions of growing pigs"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"100","author":[{"given":"Dalton C","family":"Humphrey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University , Ames, IA 50011 , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jon R","family":"Bergstrom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DSM Nutritional Products North America , Parsippany, NJ 07054 , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Estefania P\u00e9rez","family":"Calvo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DSM Nutritional Products France , Saint Louis Cedex , France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steven L","family":"Trabue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA-ARS National Laboratory for Agriculture and the Environment , Ames, IA 50011 , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kenwood D","family":"Scoggin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA-ARS National Laboratory for Agriculture and the Environment , Ames, IA 50011 , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6597-009X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura L","family":"Greiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University , Ames, IA 50011 , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022111615491900800_CIT0001","volume-title":"Official methods of analysis of AOAC International","author":"AOAC.","year":"2006","edition":"17"},{"key":"2022111615491900800_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1590\/S1806-92902016000300002","article-title":"Effects of supplementing growing-finishing pig diets with Bacillus spp. probiotic on growth performance and meat-carcass grade quality traits","volume":"45","author":"Balasubramanian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bras. Zootec"},{"key":"2022111615491900800_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-6226(98)00156-0","article-title":"Dietary protein affects nitrogen excretion and ammonia emission from slurry ofgrowing-finishing pigs","volume":"56","author":"Canh","year":"1998","journal-title":"Livest. Prod. Sci"},{"key":"2022111615491900800_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2007-0603","article-title":"Effect of a Bacillus-based direct-fed microbial feed supplement on growth performance and pen cleaning characteristics of growing-finishing pigs","volume":"86","author":"Davis","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2022111615491900800_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-016-0091-y","article-title":"Effectsof benzoic acid (VevoVitall\u00ae) on the performance and jejunal digestive physiology inyoung pigs","volume":"7","author":"Diao","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol"},{"key":"2022111615491900800_CIT0006","first-page":"1759","article-title":"Glucagon-Like Peptide 2","volume":"86","author":"Drucker","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab"},{"key":"2022111615491900800_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2009.0400","article-title":"Emissions of sulfur-containing odorants, ammonia, and methane from pig slurry: effects of dietary methionine and benzoic acid","volume":"39","author":"Eriksen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Environ. Qual"},{"key":"2022111615491900800_CIT0008","first-page":"169","volume-title":"Guide for the care and use of agricultural animals in research and teaching","author":"FASS.","year":"2010","edition":"3"},{"key":"2022111615491900800_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.4081\/ijas.2011.e38","article-title":"Effects of benzoic acid on nitrogen, phosphorus and energy balance and on ammonia emission from slurries in the heavy pig","volume":"10","author":"Galassi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ital. J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2022111615491900800_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.122.1.34-40.1975","article-title":"Release of extracellular enzymes from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens","volume":"122","author":"Gould","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol"},{"key":"2022111615491900800_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2011.03.015","article-title":"Effects of a reduced calcium, phosphorus and protein intake and of benzoic acid on calcium and phosphorus metabolism of growing pigs","volume":"168","author":"Gutzwiller","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol"},{"key":"2022111615491900800_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.2013.13527","article-title":"Effects of benzoic acid and dietary calcium: phosphorus ratio on performance and mineral metabolism of weanling pigs","volume":"27","author":"Gutzwiller","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2022111615491900800_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2010.07.001","article-title":"Dietary supplementation with benzoic acid improves apparent ileal digestibility oftotal nitrogen and increases villous height and caecal microbial diversity in weaner pigs","volume":"160","author":"Halas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol"},{"key":"2022111615491900800_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2007.01.133","article-title":"Reduced diet crude protein level, benzoicacid and inulin reduced ammonia, but failed to influence odour emission from finishingpigs","volume":"109","author":"Hansen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Livest. Sci"},{"key":"2022111615491900800_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2011-4868","article-title":"The use of a covariate reduces experimental error in nutrient digestion studies in growing pigs","volume":"91","author":"Jacobs","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2022111615491900800_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2016.08.008","article-title":"Effects of a Bacillus-based probiotic and dietary energy content on the performance and nutrient digestibility of wean to finish pigs","volume":"221","author":"J\u00f8rgensen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol"},{"key":"2022111615491900800_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0396.2005.00604.x","article-title":"Effect of benzoic acid on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, nitrogen balance, gastrointestinal microflora and parameters of microbial metabolism in piglets","volume":"90","author":"Kluge","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. (Berl)"},{"key":"2022111615491900800_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2010.06.116","article-title":"Effects of dietary benzoic acid on urinary pH and nutrient digestibility in lactating sows","volume":"134","author":"Kluge","year":"2010","journal-title":"Livest. Sci"},{"key":"2022111615491900800_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2815","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2009-2003","article-title":"Absorption and metabolism of benzoic acid in growing pigs","volume":"87","author":"Kristensen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2022111615491900800_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.7871","article-title":"Effects of probiotic supplementation in different nutrientdensity diets on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profiles, fecalmicroflora and noxious gas emission in weaning pig","volume":"97","author":"Lan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric"},{"issue":"95","key":"2022111615491900800_CIT0021","first-page":")","article-title":"Evaluation and selection of bacillus species based on enzyme production, antimicrobial activity, and biofilmsynthesis as direct-fed microbial candidates for poultry","volume":"3(","author":"Latorre","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci"},{"key":"2022111615491900800_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1111\/asj.12965","article-title":"Effects of complex probiotic supplementation ingrowing pig diets with and without palm kernel expellers on growth performance,nutrient digestibility, blood parameters, fecal microbial shedding and noxious gasemission","volume":"89","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anim. Sci. J"},{"key":"2022111615491900800_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.4236\/jep.2013.45A002","article-title":"Ammonium dissociation for swine and dairy cattle manures","volume":"4","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Environ. Protect"},{"key":"2022111615491900800_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2010.10.009","article-title":"The effect of benzoic acid concentration on nitrogen metabolism, manure ammonia and odour emissions in finishing pigs","volume":"163","author":"Murphy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol"},{"key":"2022111615491900800_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2010.06.115","article-title":"Effect of benzoic acid \u00adsupplementation on acid-base status and mineral metabolism in catheterized growing pigs","volume":"134","author":"N\u00f8rgaard","year":"2010","journal-title":"Livest. Sci"},{"key":"2022111615491900800_CIT0026","volume-title":"Nutrient Requirements of Swine","author":"NRC.","year":"2012","edition":"11"},{"key":"2022111615491900800_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1987.642457x","article-title":"Effect of dietary electrolyte balance on growth and acid-base status in swine","volume":"64","author":"Patience","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2022111615491900800_CIT0028","first-page":"447","article-title":"Benzoic acid and a product based on Bacillus species to protect piglet productivity and the environment","volume":"4","author":"P\u00e9rez Alvarado","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev Mex Cienc Pecu"},{"key":"2022111615491900800_CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2020.02.004","article-title":"Effects of benzoic acid, Bacillus coagulans and oregano oil combined supplementation on growth performance, immune status and intestinal barrier integrity of weaned piglets","volume":"6","author":"Pu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr"},{"key":"2022111615491900800_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2008.08.008","article-title":"Effect of dietary inclusion of benzoic acid on mineral balance in growing pigs","volume":"122","author":"Sauer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Livest. Sci."},{"key":"2022111615491900800_CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144207","article-title":"Swine diets impact manure characteristics and gas emissions: part II protein source","volume":"763","author":"Trabue","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ"},{"key":"2022111615491900800_CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2008.04.018","article-title":"The effectof probiotic BioPlus 2B\u00ae on growth performance, dry matter and nitrogen digestibility and slurry noxious gas emission in growing pigs","volume":"120","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Livest. Sci"},{"key":"2022111615491900800_CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1080\/1828051X.2020.1801358","article-title":"Effects of probiotics complex supplementation in low nutrient density diet on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, faecal microbial, and faecal noxious gas emission in growing pigs","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ital. J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2022111615491900800_CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-018-0276-7","article-title":"Advances in low-protein dietsfor swine","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol"},{"key":"2022111615491900800_CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2017.05.001","article-title":"Growth performance of nursery and grower-finisher pigs fed diets supplemented with benzoic acid","volume":"3","author":"Zhai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr"},{"key":"2022111615491900800_CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2017.06.008","article-title":"Techniques for evaluating digestibility of energy, amino acids, phosphorus, and calcium in feed ingredients for pigs","volume":"3","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr"}],"container-title":["Journal of Animal Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jas\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jas\/skac296\/45684940\/skac296.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jas\/article-pdf\/100\/11\/skac296\/47074019\/skac296.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jas\/article-pdf\/100\/11\/skac296\/47074019\/skac296.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,16]],"date-time":"2022-11-16T15:49:37Z","timestamp":1668613777000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jas\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/jas\/skac296\/6691240"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,3]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,3]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jas\/skac296","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-8812","1525-3163"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-8812","type":"print"},{"value":"1525-3163","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,3]]},"article-number":"skac296"}}