{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T03:30:33Z","timestamp":1793071833645,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,4]],"date-time":"2022-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667520000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Bos taurus \u00d7 Bos indicus crosses are widespread in tropical and subtropical regions, nonetheless, quantitative information about the influence of B. indicus genetics on the reproductive performance of beef cattle is lacking. Herein, we determined the association between level of B. indicus genetics and reproduction from a 31-yr dataset comprising sequential breeding seasons of the University of Florida multibreed herd (n = 6,503 Angus \u00d7 Brahman cows). The proportion of B. indicus genetics in this herd is evenly distributed by each 1\/32nd or approximately 3-percentage points. From 1989 to 2020, the estrous cycle of cows was synchronized for artificial insemination (AI) based on detected estrus or timed-AI (TAI) using programs based on gonadotropin-releasing hormone and prostaglandin, and progestin\/progesterone. All cows were exposed to natural service after AI and approximately 90-d breeding seasons, considering the day of AI as day 0. The proportion of B. indicus genetics of cows was associated negatively with pregnancy per AI, ranging from 51.6% for cows with 0%\u201319% of B. indicus genetics to 37.4% for cows with 81%\u2013100% of B. indicus genetics. Similar association was found for estrous response at the end of the synchronization protocol, ranging from 66.3% to 38.4%, respectively. This reduced estrous response helped to explain the pregnancy results, once the pregnancy to AI of cows showing estrus was 2.3-fold greater than for those not showing estrus and submitted to TAI. Despite reduced pregnancy per AI, the increase in the proportion of B. indicus genetics of cows was not associated with a reduction in the proportion of pregnant cows at the end of the breeding season. Nevertheless, the interval from entering the breeding season to pregnancy was lengthened as the proportion of B. indicus genetics of cows increased. The median days to pregnancy was extended by 25 when the proportion of B. indicus genetics surpassed 78% compared with less than 20%. Thus, the increase in the proportion of B. indicus genetics of cows was related to a reduction in pregnancy per AI and lengthening the interval to attain pregnancy during the breeding season, but not with the final proportion of pregnant cows. As a result, reproductive management strategies directed specifically to cows with a greater proportion of B. indicus genetics are needed to improve the rate of pregnancy in beef herds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skac366","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,4]],"date-time":"2022-11-04T11:41:45Z","timestamp":1667562105000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["What a 31-yr multibreed herd taught us about the influence of <i>B. indicus<\/i> genetics on reproductive performance of cows"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"100","author":[{"given":"Thiago","family":"Martins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Sciences and D.H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida , USA"},{"name":"Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences and Brown Loam Experiment Station, Mississippi State University , Mississippi , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cecilia C","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Sciences and D.H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph Danny","family":"Driver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Sciences and D.H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Owen","family":"Rae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9319-3846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mauricio A","family":"Elzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Sciences and D.H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2661-1198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raluca G","family":"Mateescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Sciences and D.H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose Eduardo P","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Sciences and D.H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5995-3944","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Binelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Sciences and D.H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022120913452154700_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"s45","DOI":"10.1017\/S175173111800054X","article-title":"Review: using artificial insemination vs. natural service in beef herds","volume":"12","author":"Baruselli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"2022120913452154700_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2004.04.025","article-title":"The use of hormonal treatments to improve reproductive performance of anestrous beef cattle in tropical climates","volume":"8","author":"Baruselli","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci"},{"key":"2022120913452154700_CIT0003","first-page":"139","article-title":"History, evolution and perspectives of timed artificial insemination programs in Brazil","volume":"9","author":"Baruselli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod"},{"key":"2022120913452154700_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2019.11.033","article-title":"Hepatic mRNA expression of enzymes associated with progesterone metabolism and its impact on ovarian and endocrine responses in Nelore (Bos indicus) and Holstein (Bos taurus) heifers with differing feed intakes","volume":"143","author":"Batista","year":"2020","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"2022120913452154700_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2017.08.008","article-title":"The effect of circulating progesterone on magnitude of the GnRH-induced LH surge: are there any differences between Bos indicus and Bos taurus heifers?","volume":"104","author":"Batista","year":"2017","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"2022120913452154700_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4320(03)00097-6","article-title":"Pattern and manipulation of follicular development in Bos indicus cattle","volume":"78","author":"B\u00f3","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci"},{"key":"2022120913452154700_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5485","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2013-6301","article-title":"Late gestation supplementation of beef cows differing in body condition score: effects on cow and calf performance","volume":"91","author":"Bohnert","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2022120913452154700_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2007.08.035","article-title":"Effect of early luteolysis in progesterone-based timed AI protocols in Bos indicus, Bos indicus \u00d7 Bos taurus, and Bos taurus heifers","volume":"69","author":"Carvalho","year":"2008","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"2022120913452154700_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-4320(90)90023-9","article-title":"Differences in gonadotrophin secretion postpartum between Zebu and European breed cattle","volume":"22","author":"D\u2019Occhio","year":"1990","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci"},{"key":"2022120913452154700_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1994.tb00961.x","article-title":"Aspects of reproduction in female Bos indicus cattle: a review","volume":"71","author":"Chenoweth","year":"1994","journal-title":"Aust. Vet. J"},{"key":"2022120913452154700_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2009.03.006","article-title":"Progesterone concentrations, exogenous equine chorionic gonadotropin, and timing of prostaglandin F2\u03b1 treatment affect fertility in postpuberal Nelore heifers","volume":"72","author":"Dias","year":"2009","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"2022120913452154700_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3060","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2010-3549","article-title":"Factors affecting pregnancy rate to estrous synchronization and fixed-time artificial insemination in beef cattle","volume":"89","author":"Echternkamp","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2022120913452154700_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.2527\/1998.7651290x","article-title":"Covariance components and prediction for additive and nonadditive preweaning growth genetic effects in an Angus-Brahman multibreed herd","volume":"76","author":"Elzo","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2022120913452154700_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1976.4261477x","article-title":"Growth, development and composition of the udder and gravid uterus of beef heifers during pregnancy","volume":"42","author":"Ferrell","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2022120913452154700_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2050","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2005-638","article-title":"Induction of precocious puberty in heifers III: hastened reduction of estradiol negative feedback on secretion of luteinizing hormone","volume":"84","author":"Gasser","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2022120913452154700_CIT0016","first-page":"2222","article-title":"Physiology and endocrinology symposium: the effects of poor maternal nutrition during gestation on offspring postnatal growth and metabolism","volume":"95","author":"Hoffman","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2022120913452154700_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.11.019","article-title":"Resistance of cattle of various genetic groups to the tick Rhipicephalus microplus and the relationship with coat traits","volume":"186","author":"Ibelli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol"},{"key":"2022120913452154700_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2012-5611","article-title":"Preovulatory estradiol and the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy in suckled beef cows","volume":"91","author":"Jinks","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2022120913452154700_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0388.1988.tb00308.x","article-title":"Crossbreeding in farm animals","volume":"105","author":"Komender","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Anim. Breed. Genet"},{"key":"2022120913452154700_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2016.01.006","article-title":"Synchronization and artificial insemination strategies in beef cattle estrus synchronization artificial insemination beef cattle economics","volume":"32","author":"Lamb","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. Food Anim"},{"key":"2022120913452154700_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2008-1323","article-title":"Winter grazing system and supplementation during late gestation influence performance of beef cows and steer progeny","volume":"87","author":"Larson","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2022120913452154700_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2020.05.036","article-title":"Effect of a puberty induction protocol based on injectable long acting progesterone on pregnancy success of beef heifers serviced by TAI","volume":"154","author":"Lima","year":"2020","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"2022120913452154700_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2013.10.020","article-title":"Effect of progesterone concentrations, follicle diameter, timing of artificial insemination, and ovulatory stimulus on pregnancy rate to synchronized artificial insemination in postpubertal Nellore heifers","volume":"81","author":"Martins","year":"2014","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"2022120913452154700_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2021.106803","article-title":"Puberty attainment and reproductive performance of yearling Bos indicus-influenced heifers after two sequential treatments with progesterone","volume":"231","author":"Martins","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci"},{"key":"2022120913452154700_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2017.08.017","article-title":"Impact of estradiol cypionate prior to TAI and progesterone supplementation at initial diestrus on ovarian and fertility responses in beef cows.","volume":"104","author":"Martins","year":"2017","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"2022120913452154700_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skaa126","article-title":"The effect of Brahman genes on body temperature plasticity of heifers on pasture under heat stress","volume":"98","author":"Mateescu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2022120913452154700_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2009.02.010","article-title":"Fixed-time artificial insemination with estradiol and progesterone for Bos indicus cows I: basis for development of protocols","volume":"72","author":"Meneghetti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"2022120913452154700_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2004.04.007","article-title":"Puberty in South American Bos indicus (Zebu) cattle","volume":"8","author":"Nogueira","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci"},{"key":"2022120913452154700_CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2009.04.026","article-title":"Strategies to improve fertility in Bos indicus postpubertal heifers and nonlactating cows submitted to fixed-time artificial insemination","volume":"72","author":"Peres","year":"2009","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"2022120913452154700_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2006-519","article-title":"Relationship between size of the ovulatory follicle and pregnancy success in beef heifers","volume":"85","author":"Perry","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2022120913452154700_CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/0739-7240(92)90010-U","article-title":"GnRH in the infundibular stalk-median eminence is related to percentage body fat in carcasses of beef cows","volume":"9","author":"Rasby","year":"1992","journal-title":"Domest Anim. Endocrinol"},{"key":"2022120913452154700_CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/S1090-0233(02)00266-6","article-title":"Effects of nutritional supplementation and exposure to bulls on resumption of post-partum ovarian activity in Bunaji (Bos indicus) cattle","volume":"167","author":"Rekwot","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet. J"},{"key":"2022120913452154700_CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-691X(78)90132-2","article-title":"Reproductive studies of Brahman cattle IV. Luteinizing hormone levels in ovariectomized Brahman, Brahman \u00d7 Hereford and Hereford cows following a 20 mg dose of Estradiol-17\u03b2","volume":"10","author":"Rhodes","year":"1978","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"2022120913452154700_CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2363","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2014-8719","article-title":"Effects of roughage sources produced in a tropical environment on forage intake, and ruminal and microbial parameters","volume":"93","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2022120913452154700_CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2016.01.013","article-title":"Expression of estrus before fixed-time AI affects conception rates and factors that impact expression of estrus and the repeatability of expression of estrus in sequential breeding seasons","volume":"166","author":"Richardson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci"},{"key":"2022120913452154700_CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4055","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2011-4836","article-title":"An economic evaluation of estrous synchronization and timed artificial insemination in suckled beef cows","volume":"90","author":"Rodgers","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2022120913452154700_CIT0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2009.02.008","article-title":"Fixed-time artificial insemination with estradiol and progesterone for Bos indicus cows II: strategies and factors affecting fertility","volume":"72","author":"S\u00e1 Filho","year":"2009","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"2022120913452154700_CIT0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2011.02.022","article-title":"Importance of estrus on pregnancy per insemination in suckled Bos indicus cows submitted to estradiol\/progesterone-based timed insemination protocols","volume":"76","author":"S\u00e1 Filho","year":"2011","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"2022120913452154700_CIT0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2011.02.006","article-title":"Reproductive cycles in Bos indicus cattle","volume":"124","author":"Sartori","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci"},{"key":"2022120913452154700_CIT0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.2527\/1990.683799x","article-title":"Physiological mechanisms controlling anestrus and infertility in postpartum beef cattle","volume":"68","author":"Short","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2022120913452154700_CIT0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2111","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2014-8391","article-title":"Progesterone status, parity, body condition, and days postpartum before estrus or ovulation synchronization in suckled beef cattle influence artificial insemination pregnancy outcomes","volume":"93","author":"Stevenson","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2022120913452154700_CIT0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.15232\/S1080-7446(15)31391-7","article-title":"Incidence of postpartum anestrus in suckled beef cattle: treatments to induce estrus, ovulation, and conception","volume":"19","author":"Stevenson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Prof. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2022120913452154700_CIT0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.2527\/2000.7871747x","article-title":"Synchronizing estrus and(or) ovulation in beef cows after combinations of GnRH, norgestomet, and prostaglandin F2\u03b1 with or without timed insemination","volume":"78","author":"Stevenson","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2022120913452154700_CIT0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2019.09.047","article-title":"Pregnancy rates to fixed-time AI in Bos indicus\u2014influenced beef cows using PGF2\u03b1with (Bee Synch I) or without (Bee Synch II) GnRH at the onset of the 5-day CO-Synch + CIDR protocol","volume":"142","author":"Williams","year":"2020","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"2022120913452154700_CIT0045","article-title":"Synchronization response: Bos taurus vs. Bos indicus cattle.","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2012 Beef Improvement Federation Research Symposium and Annual Meeting","author":"Yelich","year":"2012"}],"container-title":["Journal of Animal Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jas\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jas\/skac366\/46788145\/skac366.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jas\/article-pdf\/100\/12\/skac366\/47762197\/skac366.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jas\/article-pdf\/100\/12\/skac366\/47762197\/skac366.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,9]],"date-time":"2022-12-09T13:45:59Z","timestamp":1670593559000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jas\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/jas\/skac366\/6795964"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,4]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,4]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jas\/skac366","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-8812","1525-3163"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-8812","type":"print"},{"value":"1525-3163","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,4]]},"article-number":"skac366"}}