{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T02:07:57Z","timestamp":1773367677320,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,3]],"date-time":"2023-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":92,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010576","name":"Iowa Pork Producers Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["022805-00001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["022805-00001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010576","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Finishing pigs (N = 224; 28.66 \u00b1 1.90 kg bodyweight) were randomly assigned across 56 pens of either four barrows or gilts, and assigned to one of four diets: control (7,656 IU vitamin A\/kg), control supplemented with vitamin A (4.36 ppm, Rovimix A 1000, DSM, Parsippany, NJ, USA), control supplemented with beta-carotene (163.28 ppm, Rovimix \u03b2-Carotene 10%, DSM, Parsippany), or control supplemented with oxidized beta-carotene (40 ppm; 10% active ingredient, Avivagen, Ottawa, ON, Canada). Pigs and feeder weights were obtained at the start of the study (d 0), and end of each phase (d 21, 42, and 63). A subset of gilts had a blood sample taken via jugular venipuncture on d 0, a blood sample and vaccinations of Lawsonia intracellularis and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) on d 18, a blood sample and booster vaccination of PCV2 on d 39, a blood sample on day 60, and a final blood sample on day 63. Gilts were euthanized at the end of the study to obtain a liver (entire right lobe) and a jejunum sample (15.24 cm at 10% of length). Additionally, the second and fourth right anterior mammary were collected to assess anterior mammary tissues. Data were analyzed in SAS 9.4 (Statistical Analysis System, Cary, NC) via GLIMMIX procedure. Oxidized beta-carotene supplementation increased (P = 0.02) ADG across phases over vitamin A supplementation, although there were no differences (P = 0.18) in the body weight of pigs. There was no effect (P &amp;gt; 0.05) of diet on plasma or hepatic retinol, IgG or IgM levels, or immune cell presence in developing mammary tissue. Supplemented vitamin A tended (P = 0.05) to increase the mRNA abundance of retinol binding protein in the jejunum, but other mRNA abundance for genes (alcohol dehydrogenase class 1, lecithin retinol acyltransferase phosphatidylcholine-retinol O-acyltransferase, and beta-carotene oxygenase 1) were not affected (P &amp;gt; 0.05) by dietary treatments. A diet by time interaction (P = 0.04) was noted for the circovirus S\/P ratio, where vitamin A supplementation had the best ratio compared to other diets. Analyzed titer levels for the circovirus vaccine had an interaction (P &amp;lt; 0.01) for diet by time, where vitamin A supplementation had the highest titer at the end of the study. Thus, pigs supplemented with oxidized beta-carotene had an improved ADG over vitamin A supplemented pigs, but pigs supplemented with vitamin A seemed to have an improved immune status.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skad103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,3]],"date-time":"2023-04-03T12:21:45Z","timestamp":1680524505000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The evaluation of the supplementation of vitamin A, beta-carotene, and oxidized beta-carotene in prepubertal gilts"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"101","author":[{"given":"Sarah K","family":"Elefson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University , Ames, IA 50011 , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6597-009X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura L","family":"Greiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University , Ames, IA 50011 , USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023041712344585200_","volume-title":"Lactation and the mammary gland","author":"Akers","year":"2002"},{"key":"2023041712344585200_","volume-title":"Official methods of analysis of AOAC International","author":"AOAC.","year":"2007","edition":"18"},{"key":"2023041712344585200_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2013.10.008","article-title":"Proteomic analysis of intestinal mucosa responses to Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium in naturally infected pig","volume":"37","author":"Arce","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comp. 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