{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T14:58:53Z","timestamp":1790261933483,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,20]],"date-time":"2023-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684540800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":139,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The \u201cWelfare Quality protocols\u201d (WQP) were developed in 2009 as objective welfare assessment tools. The WQP are based on four welfare principles: 1) \u201cgood feeding\u201d, 2) \u201cgood housing\u201d, 3) \u201cgood health\u201d, and 4) \u201cappropriate behavior\u201d. The included WQP-indicators were developed for growing pigs and are recommended for rearing piglets, although, to the authors\u2019 knowledge, they have not been tested in this age class. Therefore, the present study tested selected indicators from different welfare assessment protocols with regard to test\u2013retest reliability (TRR), consistency over time, in an on-farm study on rearing pigs. This allows to investigate whether the WQP-indicators developed for growing pigs can be recommended for rearing piglets and whether the additional indicators should be included in the WQP.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>In total 28 selected pen- or individual-level indicators were used by one observer to assess the animal welfare of rearing piglets on three pig farms. Per batch 40 to 125 piglets were randomly selected and individually marked to record the weekly assessments. This procedure was repeated in three consecutive batches per farm and resulted in a total of 759 rearing piglets being assessed.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Spearman\u2019s rank correlation co-efficient (RS), intraclass correlation co-efficient (ICC), and limits of agreement (LoA) were calculated to evaluate their TRR, especially if the TRR was influenced by the group of assessed animals (batch comparisons) or the age of the assessed piglets (age class comparisons). From the 28 indicators, 12 had a very low prevalence of\u2005&amp;lt;1% making an assumption about their TRR meaningless. From the pen level indicators, \u201csneezing\u201d achieved acceptable TRR for both comparisons and \u201cbehavioral observations\u201d (BO) achieved in general good values (e.g., \u201cpositive social behavior\u201d: (RS: 0.34 to 0.89; ICC: 0.00 to 0.90; LoA \u03f5 [\u22122.93; 7.41] to \u03f5 [\u221218.9; 11.5]) for both comparisons (batch, age class). The WQP-indicators of sufficient TRR, such as \u201ctail lesions\u201d, \u201clameness\u201d, \u201cwounds on the body\u201d, \u201chuman\u2013animal-relationship test\u201d and \u201cBO\u201d, cannot cover the four welfare principles adequately. In particular, problems remained with the welfare principles of \u201cgood feeding\u201d, \u201cgood housing\u201d, and partly \u201cgood health\u201d. However, these grievances could be overcome by including further indicators from other sources outside the WQP which have acceptable to good results for TRR in this study, such as \u201cback posture\u201d, \u201cear lesions\u201d, \u201cnormal behavior\u201d, and \u201ctail posture\u201d.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skad162","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,20]],"date-time":"2023-05-20T23:20:12Z","timestamp":1684624812000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Measuring welfare in rearing piglets: test\u2013retest reliability of selected animal-based indicators"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"101","author":[{"given":"Johanna","family":"Witt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, Christian-Albrechts-University , Kiel 24098 , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joachim","family":"Krieter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, Christian-Albrechts-University , Kiel 24098 , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thore","family":"Wilder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, Christian-Albrechts-University , Kiel 24098 , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irena","family":"Czycholl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Frederiksberg 106 91 , Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023071914374792100_CIT0001","author":"Anonymous","year":"2006"},{"key":"2023071914374792100_CIT0002","author":"Anonymous","year":"2006"},{"key":"2023071914374792100_CIT0003","author":"Anonymous","year":"2007"},{"key":"2023071914374792100_CIT0004","volume-title":"Allgemeiner klinischer Untersuchungsgang","author":"Baumgartner","year":"2009","edition":"7th ed."},{"key":"2023071914374792100_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)90837-8","article-title":"Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement","volume":"327","author":"Bland","year":"1986","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2023071914374792100_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1186\/1751-0147-50-S1-S10","article-title":"International cooperation in animal welfare: the Welfare Quality project","volume":"50","author":"Blokhuis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Vet. 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