{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T23:24:24Z","timestamp":1787009064819,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,9]],"date-time":"2023-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691539200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":220,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study was conducted to determine the effect of animal protein inclusion rate and grain-free or grain-inclusive diets on macronutrient digestibility, fecal characteristics, metabolites, and microbiota in mixed-breed hounds and Beagles. Four experimental extruded kibble diets were made with varying amounts of animal protein and carbohydrates: 1) high animal protein, grain-inclusive (HA-GI), 2) low animal protein, grain-free (LA-GF), 3) low animal protein, grain-inclusive (LA-GI), and 4) high animal protein, grain-free (HA-GF). Thirty-two Beagles and 33 mixed-breed hounds were assigned to 1 of the 4 treatment groups in a completely randomized design that lasted 180 d. All diets were similar in chemical composition and well-digested by the animals. In general, for fecal metabolites, mixed-breed hounds had a greater concentration of total short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) and ammonia and lower indole concentration than Beagles (P\u2005&amp;lt;\u20050.05). In mixed-breed hounds, LA-GF had a greater (P\u2005&amp;lt;\u20050.05) total SCFA concentration than HA-GI and LA-GI; however, this was not observed in Beagles. There were greater concentrations of ammonia, phenol, and indole in HA-GI than in LA-GF (P\u2005&amp;lt;\u20050.05). Breed-affected fecal primary bile acid (BA) concentration, as mixed-breed hounds had a greater concentration of cholic acid (CA) than Beagles (P\u2005&amp;lt;\u20050.05). Mixed-breed hounds fed LA-GF resulted in greater CA concentrations than HA-GI and LA-GI (P\u2005&amp;lt;\u20050.05). Dogs who consumed LA-GF had lower fecal secondary BA content than the other groups (P\u2005&amp;lt;\u20050.05). The distribution of the fecal microbiota community differed in LA-GF compared with the other groups, with lower \u03b1-diversity. However, dogs fed LA-GF had the largest difference in composition with greater Selenomonadaceae, Veillonellaceae, Lactobacillaceae, Streptococcus, Ligilactobacillus, Megamonas, Collinsella aerofaciens, and Bifidobacterium sp. than the other groups. A significant breed effect was noted on nutrient digestibility, fecal metabolites, and microbiota. A treatment effect was observed in LA-GF as it resulted in greater fecal SCFA, lower protein fermentative end products, greater fecal primary BAs, lower fecal secondary BA concentrations, and shifts in fecal microbiota.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skad268","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,8]],"date-time":"2023-08-08T16:13:54Z","timestamp":1691511234000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The impact of protein source and grain inclusion on digestibility, fecal metabolites, and fecal microbiome in adult canines"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"101","author":[{"given":"Stephanie D","family":"Clark","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"BSM Partners , Bentonville, AR 72712 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clare","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal , Urbana, IL 61801 , USA"},{"name":"Sciences, The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, IL 61801 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sydney R","family":"McCauley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BSM Partners , Bentonville, AR 72712 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria R C","family":"de Godoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal , Urbana, IL 61801 , USA"},{"name":"Sciences, The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, IL 61801 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3423-1256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fei","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal , Urbana, IL 61801 , USA"},{"name":"Sciences, The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, IL 61801 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renee M","family":"Streeter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BSM Partners , Bentonville, AR 72712 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily G","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BSM Partners , Bentonville, AR 72712 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bradley W","family":"Quest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BSM Partners , Bentonville, AR 72712 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023082912292801500_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2021.115134","article-title":"Factor affecting digestibility of starches and their implications on adult dog health","volume":"282","author":"Alvarengo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anim. 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