{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T05:31:27Z","timestamp":1792387887342,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The effects of the dietary inclusion of a mixture of bacterial direct-fed microbial (DFM) on feedlot beef cattle growth performance, carcass characteristics, nutrient digestibility, feeding behavior, and ruminal papillae morphology were evaluated. Crossbred-Angus steers (n\u2005=\u2005192; initial body weight (BW)\u2005=\u2005409 kg\u2005\u00b1\u20058\u00a0kg) were blocked by BW and randomly assigned into 48 pens (4 steers\/pen and 16 pens\/treatment) following a randomized complete block design. A steam-flaked corn-based fishing diet was offered to ad libitum intake once daily for 153 d containing the following treatments: (1) Control (no DFM, lactose carrier only); (2) treat-A (Lactobacillus animalis, Propionibacterium freudenreichii, Bacillus subtilis, and Bacillus licheniformis), at 1:1:1:3 ratio, respectively; totaling 6\u2005\u00d7\u2005109 CFU (50\u00a0mg)\/animal-daily minimum; and (3) treat-B, the same DFM combination, but with doses at 1:1:3:1 ratio. Bacterial counts were ~30% greater than the minimum expected. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS, with pen as the experimental unit, the fixed effect of treatment, and the random effect of BW-block, while preplanned contrasts comparing Control\u2005\u00d7\u2005treat-A or treat-B were used. Steers offered treat-A had increased carcass-adjusted average daily gain (P\u2005=\u20050.03) by 6.7%, gain efficiency (P\u2005&amp;lt;\u20050.01) by 6%, tended (P\u2005=\u20050.07) to have increased carcass-adjusted final BW by 15\u00a0kg, and hot carcass weight (P\u2005=\u20050.07) by 10\u00a0kg, while treat-B did not differ (P\u2005\u2265\u20050.17) from control. Overall dry matter (DM) intake (P\u2005=\u20050.36) and other carcass traits (P\u2005\u2265\u20050.13) were not affected by treatments. Steers offered treat-A tended to have increased digestibility of DM (P\u2005=\u20050.07) by 3%, neutral detergent fiber (P\u2005=\u20050.10), and hemicellulose (P\u2005=\u20050.08) by 9% compared with control, while treat-B did not differ (P\u2005\u2265\u20050.10) from control. No treatment\u2005\u00d7\u2005period interactions (P\u2005\u2265\u20050.21) or main effects of treatment (P\u2005\u2265\u20050.12) were observed during 24-h feeding behavior. Steers ruminated, ate, chewed, and were more active (P\u2005\u2264\u20050.01) during the second behavioral assessment (day 113), while drinking behavior was not affected (P\u2005\u2265\u20050.88). Ruminal papillae morphology and ruminal ammonia concentration (ruminal fluid collected at slaughter facility) were not affected by treatment (P\u2005\u2265\u20050.39). Steers offered the DFM treat-A had improved growth performance and it positively affected carcass weight and nutrient digestion. The DFM combinations did not seem to affect feedlot cattle feeding behavior or ruminal papillae morphology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skae004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,8]],"date-time":"2024-01-08T18:56:55Z","timestamp":1704740215000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Effects of bacterial direct-fed microbial combinations on beef cattle growth performance, feeding behavior, nutrient digestibility, ruminal morphology, and carcass characteristics"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"102","author":[{"given":"Alejandra\u00a0M","family":"Lopez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University , Lubbock, TX 79409 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jhones\u00a0O","family":"Sarturi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University , Lubbock, TX 79409 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bradley\u00a0J","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University , Lubbock, TX 79409 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dale\u00a0R","family":"Woerner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University , Lubbock, TX 79409 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darren\u00a0D","family":"Henry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia , Tifton, GA 31793 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francine\u00a0M","family":"Ciriaco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia , Tifton, GA 31793 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaliu\u00a0G S","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University , Lubbock, TX 79409 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camron\u00a0J","family":"Rush","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University , Lubbock, TX 79409 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024020216365751900_CIT0001","volume-title":"Official method of analysis","author":"AOAC","year":"1990","edition":"15th ed"},{"key":"2024020216365751900_CIT0002","volume-title":"Official methods of analysis","author":"Association of Official Agricultural Chemists (AOAC)","year":"2005","edition":"18"},{"key":"2024020216365751900_CIT0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-021-00630-x","article-title":"Implication and challenges of direct-fed microbial supplementation to improve ruminant production and health","volume":"12","author":"Ban","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol"},{"key":"2024020216365751900_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-66.5.748","article-title":"Prevalence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and performance by beef feedlot cattle given Lactobacillus direct-fed microbials","volume":"66","author":"Brashears","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Food Prot"},{"key":"2024020216365751900_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4336","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2015-9056","article-title":"Effects of a multi-strain Bacillus species\u2013based direct-fed microbial on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profile, and gut health in nursery pigs fed corn\u2013soybean meal\u2013based diets","volume":"93","author":"Cai","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2024020216365751900_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3977","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2010-2900","article-title":"Evaluation of bacterial diversity in the rumen and feces of cattle fed different levels of dried distillers grains plus solubles using bacterial tag-encoded FLX amplicon pyrosequencing","volume":"88","author":"Callaway","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2024020216365751900_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.15232\/S1080-7446(15)30493-9","article-title":"Effects of concentration and source of wet distillers grains on digestibility of steam-flaked corn-based diets fed to finishing steers","volume":"27","author":"Cole","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prof. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2024020216365751900_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.11606\/issn.1678-4456.bjvras.2006.26579","article-title":"Participa\u00e7\u00e3o do rumino reticulo e omaso na superf\u00edcie absortiva total do proventr\u00edculo de bovinos","volume":"43","author":"Daniel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Braz. J. Vet. Res. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2024020216365751900_CIT0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00173313","article-title":"On the industrial use of Bacillus licheniformis: a review","volume":"40","author":"de Boer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol"},{"key":"2024020216365751900_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2018.04.014","article-title":"Ruminal fermentation, nutrient metabolism, and methane emissions of sheep in response to dietary supplementation with Bacillus licheniformis","volume":"241","author":"Deng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anim. F. Sci. Tech"},{"key":"2024020216365751900_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-765X.2012.03265.x","article-title":"Comparison of bacterial communities in faeces of beef cattle fed diets containing corn and wet distillers\u2019 grain with solubles","volume":"55","author":"Durso","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol"},{"key":"2024020216365751900_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2686","DOI":"10.2527\/2003.81112686x","article-title":"Effects of live cultures of Lactobacillus acidophilus (strains NP45 and NP51) and Propionibacterium freudenreichii on performance, carcass, and intestinal characteristics, and Escherichia coli strain O157 shedding of finishing beef steers","volume":"81","author":"Elam","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2024020216365751900_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/9781555818388.ch62","article-title":"Commercial production of extracellular enzymes","volume-title":"Bacillus subtilis and other gram-positive bacteria","author":"Ferrari","year":"1993"},{"key":"2024020216365751900_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skac258","article-title":"Cecal microbiota of feedlot cattle fed a four-species Bacillus supplement","volume":"100","author":"Fuerniss","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2024020216365751900_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2011.12.009","article-title":"Ruminal acidosis in feedlot cattle: interplay between feed ingredients, rumen function and feeding behavior (a review)","volume":"172","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anim. F. Sci. Tech"},{"key":"2024020216365751900_CIT0040","article-title":"Effects of live cultures of Lactobacillus acidophilus (Strains 45 and 51) and Propionibacterium freudenreichii PF-24 on performance and Carcass characteristics of finishing beef steers","author":"Galyean","year":"2000","journal-title":"Burnett Center Internet Progress"},{"key":"2024020216365751900_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4288","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.65.9.4288-4291.1999","article-title":"Characterization of two Bacillus probiotics","volume":"65","author":"Green","year":"1999","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol"},{"key":"2024020216365751900_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2007-0432","article-title":"Matching plant and animal processes to alter nutrient supply in strip-grazed cattle: timing of herbage and fasting allocation","volume":"86","author":"Gregorini","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2024020216365751900_CIT0017","first-page":"120","article-title":"Bacterial direct-fed microbials in ruminant diets: performance response and mode of action","volume":"81","author":"Krehbiel","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2024020216365751900_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1715","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2012-5752","article-title":"Effect of diet composition and incubation time on feed indigestible neutral detergent fiber concentration in dairy cows","volume":"96","author":"Krizsan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2024020216365751900_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-7915.12345","article-title":"Comparative studies of the composition of bacterial microbiota associated with the ruminal content, ruminal epithelium and in the faeces of lactating dairy cows","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microb. Biotechnol"},{"key":"2024020216365751900_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/srep16116","article-title":"Characterising the bacterial microbiota across the gastrointestinal tracts of dairy cattle: membership and potential function","volume":"5","author":"Mao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep"},{"key":"2024020216365751900_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E17","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2006-478","article-title":"Ruminal acidosis in beef cattle: the current microbiological and nutritional outlook","volume":"90","author":"Nagaraja","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2024020216365751900_CIT0023","volume-title":"Nutrient Requirements of beef cattle. 8th rev. ed","author":"National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine","year":"2016"},{"key":"2024020216365751900_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2013.02.013","article-title":"Characterizing the microbiota across the gastrointestinal tract of a Brazilian Nelore steer","volume":"164","author":"Oliveira","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol"},{"key":"2024020216365751900_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/sky011","article-title":"Effects of a live yeast in natural-program finishing feedlot diets on growth performance, digestibility, carcass characteristics, and feeding behavior","volume":"96","author":"Ovinge","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2024020216365751900_CIT0025","first-page":"6","article-title":"Effects of a Bacillus-based direct-fed microbial on in vitro nutrient digestibility of forage and high-starch concentrate substrates","volume":"17","author":"Pan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2024020216365751900_CIT0026","first-page":"4018","article-title":"Effects of a multi-strain Bacillus spp direct-fed microbial and a protease enzyme on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood characteristics, fecal microbiota, and noxious gas emissions of grower pigs fed corn-soybean-meal-based diets\u2014a meta-analysis","volume":"95","author":"Payling","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2024020216365751900_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-70.2.287","article-title":"Effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus strain NP51 on Escherichia coli O157:H7 fecal shedding and finishing performance in beef feedlot cattle","volume":"70","author":"Peterson","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Food Prot"},{"key":"2024020216365751900_CIT0029","first-page":"429","article-title":"Effect of supplemental Bacillus cultures on rumen fermentation and milk yield in Chinese Holstein cows","volume":"94","author":"Qiao","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. (Berl.)"},{"key":"2024020216365751900_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1802","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2006-643","article-title":"Effect of direct-fed microbials on performance, diet digestibility, and rumen characteristics of Holstein dairy cows","volume":"90","author":"Raeth-Knight","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2024020216365751900_CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.5897\/IJLP2016.0285","article-title":"Role of probiotics in rumen fermentation and animal performance: a review","volume":"7","author":"Retta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Livest. Produc"},{"key":"2024020216365751900_CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/tas\/txad073","article-title":"The effects of a nutritional packet (live yeast, vitamins C and B1, and electrolytes) offered to steers in a calf-fed system on growth performance, nutrient digestion, feeding behavior, carcass characteristics, and ruminal variables","volume":"7","author":"Rush","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trans. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2024020216365751900_CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5851","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2010-3263","article-title":"Effects of Bacillus subtilis natto on performance and immune function of preweaning calves","volume":"93","author":"Sun","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci"},{"key":"2024020216365751900_CIT0041","first-page":"77","article-title":"Effect of inoculation with either Propionibacterium strain P-63 alone or combined with Lactobacillus acidophilus strain LA53545 on performance of feedlot cattle","volume":"77","author":"Swinney-Floyd","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"2024020216365751900_CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3583","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(91)78551-2","article-title":"Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition","volume":"74","author":"Van Soest","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024020216365751900_CIT0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2007-0526","article-title":"Effects of increasing dose of live cultures of Lactobacillus acidophilus (Strain NP 51) combined with a single dose of Propionibacterium freudenreichii (Strain NP 24) on performance and carcass characteristics of finishing beef steers1","volume":"86","author":"Vasconcelos","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2024020216365751900_CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-1311-0_9","article-title":"Current and future status of practical applications: beef cattle","author":"Wilson","year":"2012"},{"key":"2024020216365751900_CIT0037","first-page":"533","article-title":"Influence of direct-fed microbials on ruminal microbial fermentation and performance of ruminants - a review","volume":"8","author":"Yoon","year":"1995","journal-title":"Anim. Biosci"}],"container-title":["Journal of Animal Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jas\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jas\/skae004\/55145595\/skae004.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jas\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jas\/skae004\/56546221\/skae004.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jas\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jas\/skae004\/56546221\/skae004.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,2]],"date-time":"2024-02-02T16:37:28Z","timestamp":1706891848000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jas\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/jas\/skae004\/7513003"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]]},"references-count":39,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jas\/skae004","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-8812","1525-3163"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-8812","type":"print"},{"value":"1525-3163","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]]},"article-number":"skae004"}}