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A total of 43 cows were bred, and 32 heifers successfully became pregnant with female calves, leading to the formation of four treatment groups: CON\u00a0\u2212\u00a0OCM (n\u2005=\u20058), CON\u2005+\u2005OCM (n\u2005=\u20057), RES\u00a0\u2212\u00a0OCM (n\u2005=\u20059), and RES\u2005+\u2005OCM (n\u2005=\u20058). The experimental design was a 2\u2005\u00d7\u20052 factorial, with main factors of dietary intake affecting average daily gain: control (CON; 0.6\u00a0kg\/d ADG) and restricted (RES; \u22120.23\u00a0kg\/d ADG); and OCM supplementation (+OCM) in which the heifers were supplemented with rumen-protected methionine (7.4\u00a0g\/d) and choline (44.4\u00a0g\/d) and received weekly injections of 320\u00a0mg of folate and 20\u00a0mg of vitamin B12, or received no supplementation (\u2212OCM; corn carrier and saline injections). Heifers were individually fed and randomly assigned to treatment at breeding (day 0). Placentomes were collected on day 63 of gestation (0.225 of gestation). Fluorescent staining with CD31 and CD34 combined with image analysis was used to determine the vascularity of the placenta. Images were analyzed for capillary area density (CAD) and capillary number density (CND). Areas evaluated included fetal placental cotyledon\u00a0(COT), maternal placental caruncle (CAR), whole placentome (CAR\u2005+\u2005COT), intercotyledonary fetal membranes (ICOT, or chorioallantois), intercaruncular endometrium (ICAR), and endometrial glands (EG). Data were analyzed with the GLM procedure of SAS, with heifer as the experimental unit and significance at P\u2005\u2264\u20050.05 and a tendency at P\u2005&amp;gt;\u20050.05 and P\u2005&amp;lt;\u20050.10. Though no gain\u2005\u00d7\u2005OCM interactions existed (P\u2005\u2265\u20050.10), OCM supplementation increased (P\u2005=\u20050.01) CAD of EG, whereas nutrient restriction tended (P\u2005&amp;lt;\u20050.10) to increase CAD of ICOT and CND of COT. Additionally, there was a gain\u2005\u00d7\u2005OCM interaction (P\u2005&amp;lt;\u20050.05) for CAD within the placentome and ICAR, such that RES reduced and supplementation of RES with OCM restored CAD. These results indicate that maternal rate of gain and OCM supplementation affected placental vascularization (capillary area and number density), which could affect placental function and thus the efficiency of nutrient transfer to the fetus during early gestation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skae044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,24]],"date-time":"2024-02-24T05:58:53Z","timestamp":1708754333000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["One-carbon metabolite supplementation to nutrient-restricted beef heifers affects placental vascularity during early pregnancy"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"102","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4395-910X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chutikun","family":"Kanjanaruch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Sciences and Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University , Fargo, ND , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kerri A","family":"Bochantin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Sciences and Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University , Fargo, ND , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bethania J","family":"D\u00e1vila Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Sciences and Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University , Fargo, ND , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Syring","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Sciences and Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University , Fargo, ND , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yssi","family":"Entzie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Sciences and Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University , Fargo, ND , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Layla","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Sciences and Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University , Fargo, ND , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pawel P","family":"Borowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Sciences and Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University , Fargo, ND , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4579-2737","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew S","family":"Crouse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA, ARS, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center , Clay Center, NE 68933 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel S","family":"Caton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Sciences and Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University , Fargo, ND , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4556-4315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carl R","family":"Dahlen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Sciences and Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University , Fargo, ND , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison K","family":"Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, SK , Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lawrence P","family":"Reynolds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Sciences and Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, North Dakota State University , Fargo, ND , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024030120325671600_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2016.04.042","article-title":"Maternal environment and placental vascularization in small ruminants","volume":"86","author":"Bairagi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"2024030120325671600_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2018.04.002","article-title":"Placental development during early pregnancy in sheep: progesterone and estrogen receptor protein expression","volume":"114","author":"Bairagi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"2024030120325671600_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-1891-4-23","article-title":"Pregnancy recognition signaling mechanisms in ruminants and pigs","volume":"4","author":"Bazer","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. 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