{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T23:38:13Z","timestamp":1790725093787,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,14]],"date-time":"2024-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710374400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":73,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The influence of systemic immune activation on whole-body calcium (Ca) trafficking and gastrointestinal tract (GIT) physiology is not clear. Thus, the study objectives were to characterize the effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on Ca pools and GIT dynamics to increase understanding of immune-induced hypocalcemia, ileus, and stomach hemorrhaging. Twelve crossbred pigs [44\u2005\u00b1\u20053\u00a0kg body weight (BW)] were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 intramuscular treatments: (1) control (CON; 2\u00a0mL saline; n\u2005=\u20056) or (2) LPS (40 \u00b5g LPS\/kg BW; n\u2005=\u20056). Pigs were housed in metabolism stalls to collect total urine and feces for 6\u00a0h after treatment administration, at which point they were euthanized, and various tissues, organs, fluids, and digesta were weighed, and analyzed for Ca content. Data were analyzed with the MIXED procedure in SAS 9.4. Rectal temperature and respiration rate increased in LPS relative to CON pigs (1.4 \u00b0C and 32%, respectively; P\u2005\u2264\u20050.05). Inflammatory biomarkers such as circulating alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, and total bilirubin increased in LPS compared with CON pigs whereas albumin decreased (P\u2005\u2264\u20050.02). Plasma glucose and urea nitrogen decreased and increased, respectively, after LPS (43% and 80%, respectively; P\u2005&amp;lt;\u20050.01). Pigs administered LPS had reduced circulating ionized calcium (iCa) compared to CON (15%; P\u2005&amp;lt;\u20050.01). Considering estimations of total blood volume, LPS caused an iCa deficit of 23\u00a0mg relative to CON (P\u2005&amp;lt;\u20050.01). Adipose tissue and urine from LPS pigs had reduced Ca compared to CON (39% and 77%, respectively; P\u2005\u2264\u20050.05). There did not appear to be increased Ca efflux into GIT contents and no detectable increases in other organ or tissue Ca concentrations were identified. Thus, while LPS caused hypocalcemia, we were unable to determine where circulating Ca was trafficked. LPS administration markedly altered GIT dynamics including stomach hemorrhaging, diarrhea (increased fecal output and moisture), and reduced small intestine and fecal pH (P\u2005\u2264\u20050.06). Taken together, changes in GIT physiology suggested dyshomeostasis and alimentary pathology. Future research is required to fully elucidate the etiology of immune activation-induced hypocalcemia and GIT pathophysiology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skae073","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,14]],"date-time":"2024-03-14T13:36:29Z","timestamp":1710423389000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Calcium trafficking and gastrointestinal physiology following an acute lipopolysaccharide challenge in pigs"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"102","author":[{"given":"Julie","family":"Opgenorth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University , Ames, IA 50011 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edith J","family":"Mayorga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University , Ames, IA 50011 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan A","family":"Abeyta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University , Ames, IA 50011 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brady M","family":"Goetz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University , Ames, IA 50011 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"Rodriguez-Jimenez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University , Ames, IA 50011 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alyssa\u00a0D","family":"Freestone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University , Ames, IA 50011 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chad H","family":"Stahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland , College Park, MD 20742 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lance H","family":"Baumgard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University , Ames, IA 50011 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024052713240738500_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2020.01.007","article-title":"Effects of an oral supplement containing calcium and live yeast on post-absorptive metabolism, inflammation and production following intravenous lipopolysaccharide infusion in dairy cows","volume":"129","author":"Al-Qaisi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Res. 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