{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T19:05:05Z","timestamp":1784574305538,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,7]],"date-time":"2024-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730937600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":311,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>This study was conducted to investigate the effect of protease inclusion level in two different ages on the apparent (AID) and standardized (SID) ileal digestibility of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AAs) in soybean meal (SBM) fed to growing-finishing pigs. Ten cannulated pigs (21\u2005\u00b1\u20052\u00a0kg) were assigned to experimental diets in a duplicate 5\u2005\u00d7\u20055 Latin square design. In phase I (23 to 30 kg-pigs, 90\u2005\u00b1\u200517 d of age), ileal digesta was collected in five periods of 7 d (5 d adaptation and 2 d ileal digesta collection). In phase II, (50 to 65 kg-pigs, 140\u2005\u00b1\u200517 d of age), ileal digesta was collected in 5 more periods of 7 d. For both phases, a corn starch\u2013based diet was formulated with SBM as the sole source of CP and AA and containing titanium as an indigestible marker. Protease was supplemented at 0, 15,000, 30,000, and 45,000 NFP\/kg of feed (0, 25, 50, and 75\u00a0g\/ton of ProAct 360). A nitrogen-free diet was used to estimate basal ileal endogenous AA losses. Pigs were fed at 4% of their body weight, which was adjusted at the end of each period. Orthogonal polynomial contrasts were used to determine the linear and quadratic effects of dietary protease supplementation in each phase. In phase I, increasing levels of protease resulted in a linear increase (P\u2005&amp;lt;\u20050.10) in SID for the 7\/11 indispensable AA (Except Arg, His, Met\u2005+\u2005Cys, and Trp) and the average of all dispensable AA. In phase II, the SID of Ile, Leu, Met, Met\u2005+\u2005Cys, Val, the average of all indispensable AA, and 4\/7 dispensable AA were quadratically increased (P\u2005&amp;lt;\u20050.10). In most cases, supplementation with 30,000 NFP\/kg of feed (50\u00a0g\/ton) resulted in the greatest increase in AA digestibility. However, the linear response in phase I for some AA suggests that diets for younger pigs could be supplemented with a greater level (45,000 NFP\/kg or 75\u00a0g\/ton of feed). Interestingly, younger pigs had consistently increased (P\u2005&amp;lt;\u20050.10) SID of CP and 15\/18 AA (Except Arg, Cys, and Ser), being ~5.6% greater for indispensable AA when compared to older pigs. In conclusion, dietary protease supplementation can increase the SID of AA in SBM in both growing and finishing periods. Pig age can potentially influence AA digestibility, possibly related to a greater ileal endogenous AA flow in younger pigs. However, this fact warrants further investigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skae345","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,7]],"date-time":"2024-11-07T08:21:49Z","timestamp":1730967709000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Effect of protease supplementation on amino acid digestibility of soybean meal fed to growing-finishing pigs in two different ages"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"102","author":[{"given":"Gabriela M","family":"Galli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"South Dakota State University Department of Animal Science, , Brookings, SD 57007 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Department of Animal Science, , Porto Alegre, RS ,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2978-5852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Crystal L","family":"Levesque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South Dakota State University Department of Animal Science, , Brookings, SD 57007 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vinicius S","family":"Cantarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animalnutri , Patos de Minas ,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rhuan F","family":"Chaves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animalnutri , Patos de Minas ,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia C","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"dsm-firmenich , S\u00e3o Paulo ,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vitor B","family":"Fascina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"dsm-firmenich , S\u00e3o Paulo ,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3350-3670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge Y","family":"Perez-Palencia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South Dakota State University Department of Animal Science, , Brookings, SD 57007 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024121022171122000_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2021.101466","article-title":"An investigation into the influence of age on the standardized amino acid digestibility of wheat and sorghum in broilers","volume":"100","author":"Barua","year":"2021","journal-title":"Poult. Sci"},{"key":"2024121022171122000_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2021.101269","article-title":"Basal ileal endogenous amino acid flow in broiler chickens as influenced by age","volume":"100","author":"Barua","year":"2021","journal-title":"Poult. Sci"},{"key":"2024121022171122000_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1002\/aocs.12394","article-title":"Trypsin inhibitor and urease activity of soybean meal products from different countries and impact of trypsin inhibitor on ileal amino acid digestibility in pig","volume":"97","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc"},{"key":"2024121022171122000_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2016.04.015","article-title":"Toward optimal value creation through the application of exogenous mono-component protease in the diets of non-ruminants","volume":"221","author":"Cowieson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol"},{"key":"2024121022171122000_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e10030","article-title":"Efficacy and safety profile of a subtilisin protease produced by fermentation in Bacillus licheniformis to be used as a feed additive","volume":"8","author":"Cupi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"2024121022171122000_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.animal.2021.100439","article-title":"Age-dependent development in protein digestibility and intestinal morphology in weaned pigs fed different protein sources","volume":"16","author":"Engelsmann","year":"2022","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"2024121022171122000_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0009246","article-title":"Nutritional and health benefits of soy proteins. 2001","volume":"49","author":"Friedman","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem"},{"key":"2024121022171122000_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.53835","article-title":"Effects of dietary supplementation with a protease on the apparent ileal digestibility of the weaned piglet","volume":"90","author":"Guggenbuhl","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2024121022171122000_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3303","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2007-0105","article-title":"Effect of dietary protein content on ileal amino acid digestibility, growth performance, and formation of microbial metabolites in ileal and cecal digesta of early-weaned pigs","volume":"85","author":"Htoo","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2024121022171122000_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"txab029","DOI":"10.1093\/tas\/txab029","article-title":"Effects of feeding corn distillers dried grains with solubles diets without or with","volume":"5","author":"Jang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2024121022171122000_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3041","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2010-3430","article-title":"Effects of exogenous enzyme supplementation to corn- and soybean meal-based or complex diets on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and blood metabolites in growing pigs","volume":"90","author":"Jo","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2024121022171122000_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954422413000048","article-title":"The role of added feed enzymes in promoting gut health in swine and poultry","volume":"26","author":"Kiarie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutr. Res. Rev"},{"key":"2024121022171122000_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.5187\/jast.2020.62.5.659","article-title":"Effects of different levels of crude protein and protease on nitrogen utilization, nutrient digestibility, and growth performance in growing pigs","volume":"62","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Technol"},{"key":"2024121022171122000_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"skaa027","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skaa027","article-title":"At least 3 days of adaptation are required before indigestible markers (chromium, titanium, and acid insoluble ash) are stabilized in the ileal digesta of 60-kg pigs, but values for amino","volume":"98","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2024121022171122000_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.2014.r.02","article-title":"Evaluation of amino Acid and energy utilization in feedstuff for Swine and poultry diets","volume":"27","author":"Kong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2024121022171122000_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e74743","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0074743","article-title":"Chitosan nanoencapsulated exogenous trypsin biomimics zymogen-like enzyme in fish gastrointestinal tract","volume":"8","author":"Kumari","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2024121022171122000_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2078","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pey042","article-title":"Meta-analysis: explicit value of mono-component proteases in monogastric diets","volume":"97","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Poult. Sci"},{"key":"2024121022171122000_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1080\/10408399409527649","article-title":"Implications of antinutritional components in soybean foods","volume":"34","author":"Liener","year":"1994","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"2024121022171122000_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2817","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22062817","article-title":"Digestive inflammation: role of proteolytic dysregulation","volume":"22","author":"Mariaule","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"2024121022171122000_CIT0020","article-title":".","volume-title":"Animal nutrition","author":"McDonald","year":"2011","edition":"7th ed."},{"key":"2024121022171122000_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.5187\/jast.2019.61.4.234","article-title":"Effects of protease supplementation on growth performance, blood constituents, and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing pigs","volume":"61","author":"Min","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Technol"},{"key":"2024121022171122000_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.2527\/2004.821179x","article-title":"Technical note: a procedure for the preparation and quantitative analysis of samples for titanium dioxide","volume":"82","author":"Myers","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2024121022171122000_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1139\/cjas-2017-0104","article-title":"Influence of dietary protease supplementation to corn\u2013soybean meal-based high- and low-energy diets on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profiles, and gas emission in growing pigs","volume":"99","author":"Nguyen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can. J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2024121022171122000_CIT0024","volume-title":"Nutrient requirements of swine","author":"NRC","year":"2012","edition":"11th rev. ed"},{"key":"2024121022171122000_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.3923\/ijps.2011.842.848","article-title":"Use of a protease in poultry feed offers promising environmental benefits","volume":"10","author":"Oxenboll","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Poult. Sci"},{"key":"2024121022171122000_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.16.0041","article-title":"Effects of coated compound proteases on apparent total tract digestibility of nutrients and apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids for pigs","volume":"29","author":"Pan.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2024121022171122000_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.5187\/jast.2020.62.1.21","article-title":"Dietary protease improves growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and intestinal morphology of weaned pigs","volume":"62","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Technol"},{"key":"2024121022171122000_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"txab088","DOI":"10.1093\/tas\/txab088","article-title":"Supplementation of protease to low amino acid diets containing superdose level of phytase for wean-to-finish pigs: effects on performance, postweaning intestinal health and carcass characteristics","volume":"5","author":"Perez-Palencia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2024121022171122000_CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-022-00681-8","article-title":"Investigating the effects of peptide-based, MOS and protease feed additives on the growth","volume":"13","author":"Poudel","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol"},{"key":"2024121022171122000_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4001","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-021-02567-3","article-title":"Interplay between grain digestion and fibre in relation to gastro-small-intestinal passage rate and feed intake in pigs","volume":"60","author":"Ratanpaul","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr"},{"key":"2024121022171122000_CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D503","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkt953","article-title":"MEROPS: the database of proteolytic enzymes, their substrates and inhibitors","volume":"42","author":"Rawlings","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"2024121022171122000_CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00563","article-title":"Formic acid as an antimicrobial for poultry production: a review","volume":"7","author":"Ricke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci"},{"key":"2024121022171122000_CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/105.1.57","article-title":"Fat digestion and absorption in chicks fed raw or heated soybean meal","volume":"105","author":"Sklan","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Nutr"},{"key":"2024121022171122000_CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.5187\/jast.2022.e28","article-title":"Effects of dietary protease supplementation on growth rate, nutrient digestibility, and intestinal morphology of weaned pigs","volume":"64","author":"Song","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Technol"},{"key":"2024121022171122000_CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2007.01.019","article-title":"Definition of apparent, true, and standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids in pigs","volume":"109","author":"Stein","year":"2007","journal-title":"Livest. Sci"},{"key":"2024121022171122000_CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1040051","DOI":"10.3389\/fanim.2022.1040051","article-title":"Growth performance and nutrient digestibility of broiler chickens as affected by a novel protease. Front","volume":"3","author":"Vieira","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2024121022171122000_CIT0037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1718","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.2011.11132","article-title":"Effects of keratinase on growth performance, nutrient utilization, intestinal morphology, intestinal ecology and inflammatory response of weaned piglets fed diets with different levels of crude protein","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci"},{"key":"2024121022171122000_CIT0038","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106748","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2019.106748","article-title":"Can dietary manipulations improve the productivity of pigs with lower environmental and economic cost? A global meta-analysis","volume":"289","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ"},{"key":"2024121022171122000_CIT0039","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2020.114502","article-title":"Efficacy of a mono-component protease is affected by trypsin inhibitor concentration in soybean meal","volume":"265","author":"Wedekind","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol"},{"key":"2024121022171122000_CIT0040","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14010101","article-title":"Effects of protease in soybean meal-reduced diets on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and intestinal health of weaned piglets","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"2024121022171122000_CIT0041","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1486","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0711486","article-title":"Effect of age and sex on true digestibility of amino acids of rapeseed and soybean meals in growing broilers","volume":"71","author":"Zuprizal","year":"1992","journal-title":"Poult. Sci"}],"container-title":["Journal of Animal Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jas\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jas\/skae345\/60471537\/skae345.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jas\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jas\/skae345\/60971638\/skae345.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jas\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jas\/skae345\/60971638\/skae345.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]],"date-time":"2024-12-10T22:17:31Z","timestamp":1733869051000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jas\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/jas\/skae345\/7882872"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"references-count":41,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jas\/skae345","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-8812","1525-3163"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-8812","type":"print"},{"value":"1525-3163","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"article-number":"skae345"}}