{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T12:04:23Z","timestamp":1753877063111,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The objectives of this study were to investigate the in vitro immune-modulatory effects of monoglycerides and zinc glycinate with porcine alveolar macrophages (PAM) and their impact on epithelial barrier integrity using the intestinal porcine enterocyte cell line (IPEC-J2). Cell viability was assessed using a Vybrant MTT assay to determine the appropriate dose range of monoglyceride blend (C4, C8, and C10) and zinc glycinate. In experiment 1, IPEC-J2 cells (5\u2005\u00d7\u2005105 cells\/mL) were seeded and treated with each compound (monoglycerides: 0, 25, 100, 250, 500, and 1,000 \u00b5g\/mL; zinc glycinate: 0, 2, 5, 12.5, 25, and 50 \u00b5g\/mL). Transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) was measured by Ohm\u2019s law method at 0\u00a0h (before treatment) and at 24, 48, and 72\u00a0h posttreatment. In experiment 2, PAM were collected from 6 clinically healthy piglets (7\u00a0wk of age) and seeded at 106 cells\/mL. After incubation, the cells were treated with each compound and\/or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The experimental design was a 2\u2005\u00d7\u20056 factorial arrangement with 2 doses of LPS (0 or 1 \u03bcg\/mL) and 6 doses of each compound (monoglycerides: 0, 50, 100, 250, 500, and 1,000 \u00b5g\/mL; zinc glycinate: 0, 25, 50, 100, 250, and 500 \u00b5g\/mL). Cell supernatants were collected to analyze the concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-\u03b1) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1\u03b2) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Data were analyzed by ANOVA using PROC MIXED of SAS with a randomized complete block design. IPEC-J2 cells treated with 250 or 1,000 \u03bcg\/mL of monoglycerides, or 5 \u03bcg\/mL of zinc glycinate had increased (P\u2005&amp;lt;\u20050.05) TEER values at 48 or 72\u00a0h posttreatment, compared with control. The LPS challenge increased (P\u2005&amp;lt;\u20050.05) the production of TNF-\u03b1 and IL-1\u03b2 from PAM. In the non-challenge group, 50 or 100 \u03bcg\/mL of monoglycerides stimulated (P\u2005&amp;lt;\u20050.05) TNF-\u03b1 and IL-1\u03b2 production from PAMs. Treatment with 25 or 100 \u03bcg\/mL of zinc glycinate also enhanced (P\u2005&amp;lt;\u20050.05) TNF-\u03b1 production from PAM. In LPS-treated PAM, 1,000 \u03bcg\/mL of monoglycerides increased (P\u2005&amp;lt;\u20050.05) IL-1\u03b2 production, while zinc glycinate suppressed (P\u2005&amp;lt;\u20050.0001) the secretion of TNF-\u03b1 and IL-1\u03b2 at the doses of 100, 250, and 500 \u03bcg\/mL. In conclusion, the results of this in vitro study indicate that monoglycerides positively affect the barrier function of the epithelium, while zinc glycinate may have strong immune regulatory benefits. Future animal studies will be required to verify their impacts on animal gut health, systemic immunity, and growth performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skae372","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]],"date-time":"2024-12-10T21:48:52Z","timestamp":1733867332000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["In vitro investigation of monoglycerides and zinc glycinate: anti-inflammatory and epithelial barrier function"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"101","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2288-1374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sangwoo","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, University of California , Davis, CA 95616 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2689-6197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lauren","family":"Kovanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, University of California , Davis, CA 95616 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adebayo O","family":"Sokale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BASF Corporation , Florham Park, NJ 07932 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adriana","family":"Barri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BASF SE , Ludwigshafen am Rhein ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanhong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, University of California , Davis, CA 95616 ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024122307010766600_CIT0001","first-page":"33","article-title":"F18 Escherichia coli update","author":"Almeida","year":"2022"},{"key":"2024122307010766600_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2017.08.010","article-title":"Implications of butyrate and its derivatives for gut health and animal production","volume":"4","author":"Bedford","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anim. 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