{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T14:15:18Z","timestamp":1789395318333,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) have been shown to improve the immune system of weaned piglets, but the molecular mechanism of their action remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the impact of XOS on intestinal and thymic immune function in weaned piglets challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and elucidate the underlying mechanism. In a 2\u2005\u00d7\u20052 factorial arrangement, consisting of diet treatment (basal diet vs 0.02% XOS diet) and immunological challenge [saline vs LPS], 24 piglets were randomly divided into 4 groups (n\u2005=\u20056): CON group, basal diet\u2005+\u2005saline; LPS group, basal diet\u2005+\u2005LPS; XOS group, 0.02% XOS diet\u2005+\u2005saline; XOS_LPS group, 0.02% XOS diet\u2005+\u2005LPS. Piglets were fed either the basal or XOS diet for 21 d, followed by intraperitoneal injections of normal saline or LPS on the 22nd day. Ileum, thymus, and colon samples were collected 4\u00a0h after the intraperitoneal saline or LPS injection. The piglets fed the XOS diet had higher average daily feed intake and average daily weight gain (P\u2005&amp;lt;\u20050.05). The XOS diet increased ileal villus height and decreased crypt depth. XOS also enhanced ileal and thymic antioxidant enzyme activities, anti-inflammatory cytokine expression, and decreased malondialdehyde levels and mRNA abundance of pro-inflammatory cytokines in piglets (P\u2005&amp;lt;\u20050.05). The XOS diet also downregulated the ileal and thymic NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 and gasdermin-D gene and protein expression associated with pyroptosis (P\u2005&amp;lt;\u20050.05). Moreover, The XOS diet increased the mRNA abundance of forkhead box P3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 5, and transforming growth factor beta 1 while decreasing signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 and retinoid-related orphan receptor-gammat mRNA abundance (P\u2005&amp;lt;\u20050.05). The XOS diet enhanced forkhead box P3 protein expression and reduced retinoid-related orphan receptor-gammat protein expression following the LPS challenge (P\u2005&amp;lt;\u20050.05). At the same time, The XOS diet affected the gut microbiota and increased levels of short-chain fatty acids (P\u2005&amp;lt;\u20050.05). In conclusion, XOS may modulate ileal and thymic immune function in weaned piglets following a 4-h LPS challenge by affecting gut microbiota, pyroptosis, and Th17\/Treg immune responses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skaf050","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,22]],"date-time":"2025-02-22T17:49:11Z","timestamp":1740246551000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Xylo-oligosaccharides enhance intestinal and thymic immunity by modulating pyroptosis, gut microbiota, and Th17\/Treg immune response in lipopolysaccharide-challenged piglets"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"103","author":[{"given":"Weixiao","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education , Chengdu ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2385-7528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guangmang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education , Chengdu ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1873-9914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"De","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education , Chengdu ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education , Chengdu ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruinan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education , Chengdu ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0940-7275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lianqiang","family":"Che","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education , Chengdu ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6258-2729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bin","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education , Chengdu ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8348-4199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yong","family":"Zhuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education , Chengdu ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengyu","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education , Chengdu ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lun","family":"Hua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education , Chengdu ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1844-194X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhengfeng","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education , Chengdu ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuemei","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education , Chengdu ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education , Chengdu ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025032108530656700_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1198469","article-title":"Induction of colonic regulatory T cells by indigenous Clostridium species","volume":"331","author":"Atarashi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2025032108530656700_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12331","article-title":"Treg induction by a rationally selected mixture of Clostridia strains from the human microbiota","volume":"500","author":"Atarashi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2025032108530656700_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.31083\/j.fbl2907254","article-title":"Novel insights into the interaction between enteropathogenic bacteria, pyroptosis and IBD","volume":"29","author":"Bao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Biosci (Landmark Ed)"},{"key":"2025032108530656700_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2070","article-title":"Pyroptosis: host cell death and inflammation","volume":"7","author":"Bergsbaken","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"2025032108530656700_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.AC118.002127","article-title":"ROR\u03b3 regulates the NLRP3 inflammasome","volume":"294","author":"Billon","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"2025032108530656700_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-1891-4-19","article-title":"The biological stress of early weaned piglets","volume":"4","author":"Campbell","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"2025032108530656700_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1172702","article-title":"CD4+ regulatory T cells control TH17 responses in a Stat3-dependent manner","volume":"326","author":"Chaudhry","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2025032108530656700_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731930","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.731930","article-title":"Xylo-oligosaccharides, preparation and application to human and animal health: a review","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"2025032108530656700_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"skab183","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skab183","article-title":"Effects of graded levels of xylo-oligosaccharides on growth performance, serum parameters, intestinal morphology, and intestinal barrier function in weaned piglets","volume":"99","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"2025032108530656700_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2023.01.015","article-title":"Pregnancy-induced changes to the gut microbiota drive macrophage pyroptosis and exacerbate septic inflammation","volume":"56","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2025032108530656700_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2018.03.004","article-title":"NLRP3 inflammasome is involved in the recognition of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis by human dendritic cells and in the induction of Th17 cells","volume":"77","author":"de Castro","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"2025032108530656700_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2014.04.007","article-title":"Effect of repeated administration of lipopolysaccharide on inflammatory and stress markers in saliva of growing pigs","volume":"200","author":"Escribano","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"2025032108530656700_CIT0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8787","DOI":"10.1039\/D1FO01075A","article-title":"Tryptophan improves porcine intestinal epithelial cell restitution through the CaSR\/Rac1\/PLC-\u03b31 signaling pathway","volume":"12","author":"Gu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"2025032108530656700_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.112.172361","article-title":"Dietary xylooligosaccharide downregulates IFN-\u03b3 and the low-grade inflammatory cytokine IL-1\u03b2 systemically in mice","volume":"143","author":"Hansen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"2025032108530656700_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2016.09.002","article-title":"Mechanism and regulation of NLRP3 inflammasome activation","volume":"41","author":"He","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Biochem. Sci."},{"key":"2025032108530656700_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-022-04252-y","article-title":"The impact of the gut microbiota on T cell ontogeny in the thymus","volume":"79","author":"Hebbandi Nanjundappa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"2025032108530656700_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2012.01.015","article-title":"The role of STAT5 in lymphocyte development and transformation","volume":"24","author":"Heltemes-Harris","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Opin Immunol."},{"key":"2025032108530656700_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.108717","article-title":"Gut microbiota dysbiosis-derived macrophage pyroptosis causes polycystic ovary syndrome via steroidogenesis disturbance and apoptosis of granulosa cells","volume":"107","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"2025032108530656700_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2055","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.02055","article-title":"The microbiome\u2013metabolome response in the colon of piglets under the status of weaning stress","volume":"11","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"2025032108530656700_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.021908.132710","article-title":"IL-17 and Th17 Cells","volume":"27","author":"Korn","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"2025032108530656700_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107781","article-title":"Interleukin-17 induces pyroptosis in osteoblasts through the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway in vitro","volume":"96","author":"Lei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"2025032108530656700_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-021-01065-2","article-title":"Parabacteroides produces acetate to alleviate heparanase-exacerbated acute pancreatitis through reducing neutrophil infiltration","volume":"9","author":"Lei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microbiome."},{"key":"2025032108530656700_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9067821","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/9067821","article-title":"Oral supplements of combined Bacillus licheniformis Zhengchangsheng\u00ae and xylooligosaccharides improve high-fat diet-induced obesity and modulate the gut microbiota in rats","volume":"2020","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed Res. Int."},{"key":"2025032108530656700_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.19.0499","article-title":"\u03b2-Carotene prevents weaning-induced intestinal inflammation by modulating gut microbiota in piglets","volume":"34","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anim. Biosci."},{"key":"2025032108530656700_CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11665","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.9b04731","article-title":"Regulatory effects of stachyose on colonic and hepatic inflammation, gut microbiota dysbiosis, and peripheral CD4+ T cell distribution abnormality in high-fat diet-fed mice","volume":"67","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"2025032108530656700_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"919431","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.919431","article-title":"Tryptophan supplementation enhances intestinal health by improving gut barrier function, alleviating inflammation, and modulating intestinal microbiome in lipopolysaccharide-challenged piglets","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"2025032108530656700_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11050872","article-title":"Dietary tryptophan supplementation improves antioxidant status and alleviates inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum stress, apoptosis, and pyroptosis in the intestine of piglets after lipopolysaccharide challenge","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)."},{"key":"2025032108530656700_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2023.112597","article-title":"Dietary glutamate enhances intestinal immunity by modulating microbiota and Th17\/Treg balance-related immune signaling in piglets after lipopolysaccharide challenge","volume":"166","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"2025032108530656700_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100714","DOI":"10.1016\/j.animal.2023.100714","article-title":"Dietary tryptophan supplementation enhances mitochondrial function and reduces pyroptosis in the spleen and thymus of piglets after lipopolysaccharide challenge","volume":"17","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Animal."},{"key":"2025032108530656700_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"skad213","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skad213","article-title":"Dietary alpha-ketoglutarate enhances intestinal immunity by Th17\/Treg immune response in piglets after lipopolysaccharide challenge","volume":"101","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"2025032108530656700_CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2023.02.002","article-title":"Applications and prospects of functional oligosaccharides in pig nutrition: a review","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"2025032108530656700_CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2022.112152","article-title":"Acidic hydrolyzed xylo-oligosaccharides bioactivity on the antioxidant and immune activities of macrophage","volume":"163","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"2025032108530656700_CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"skae238","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skae238","article-title":"Dietary xylo-oligosaccharides alleviates LPS-induced intestinal injury via endoplasmic reticulum-motochondrial system pathway in piglets","volume":"102","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"2025032108530656700_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.129696","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation alleviates intestinal inflammatory diarrhea caused by oxidative stress and pyroptosis via reducing gut microbiota-derived lipopolysaccharides","volume":"261","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"2025032108530656700_CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04754","article-title":"Transforming growth factor-\u03b2 induces development of the TH17 lineage","volume":"441","author":"Mangan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2025032108530656700_CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.09.010","article-title":"T cell receptor stimulation-induced epigenetic changes and Foxp3 expression are independent and complementary events required for Treg cell development","volume":"37","author":"Ohkura","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2025032108530656700_CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00639","article-title":"The Treg\/Th17 axis: a dynamic balance regulated by the gut microbiome","volume":"6","author":"Omenetti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"2025032108530656700_CIT0037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764556","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.764556","article-title":"The high level of xylooligosaccharides improves growth performance in weaned piglets by increasing antioxidant activity, enhancing immune function, and modulating gut microbiota","volume":"8","author":"Pang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"2025032108530656700_CIT0038","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17951","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA119.010545","article-title":"NLRP3 negatively regulates Treg differentiation through Kpna2-mediated nuclear translocation","volume":"294","author":"Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"2025032108530656700_CIT0039","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2021.01.001","article-title":"Gut health: the results of microbial and mucosal immune interactions in pigs","volume":"7","author":"Peng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"2025032108530656700_CIT0040","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-019-0232-6","article-title":"Treg cell-based therapies: challenges and perspectives","volume":"20","author":"Raffin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"2025032108530656700_CIT0041","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15514","article-title":"Cleavage of GSDMD by inflammatory caspases determines pyroptotic cell death","volume":"526","author":"Shi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2025032108530656700_CIT0042","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1241165","article-title":"The microbial metabolites, short-chain fatty acids, regulate colonic Treg cell homeostasis","volume":"341","author":"Smith","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2025032108530656700_CIT0060","author":"Southern","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutrient Requirements of Swine"},{"key":"2025032108530656700_CIT0043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1664","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2022-327756","article-title":"Gut commensal parabacteroides distasonis alleviates inflammatory arthritis","volume":"72","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"2025032108530656700_CIT0044","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114822","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2021.114822","article-title":"Effect of xylanase and xylo-oligosaccharide supplementation on growth performance and faecal bacterial community composition in growing pigs","volume":"274","author":"Sutton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"2025032108530656700_CIT0045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2018.03.005","article-title":"Lactobacillus paracasei HII01, xylooligosaccharides, and synbiotics reduce gut disturbance in obese rats","volume":"54","author":"Thiennimitr","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"2025032108530656700_CIT0046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2006.01.001","article-title":"TGF\u03b2 in the context of an inflammatory cytokine milieu supports de novo differentiation of IL-17-producing T cells","volume":"24","author":"Veldhoen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2025032108530656700_CIT0051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-019-0721-7","article-title":"Longitudinal investigation of the swine gut microbiome from birth to market reveals stage and growth performance associated bacteria","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbiome."},{"key":"2025032108530656700_CIT0047","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2019.10.009","article-title":"Effects of PRRSV infection on the porcine thymus","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"2025032108530656700_CIT0050","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2020.11.008","article-title":"Xylooligosaccharide attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced intestinal injury in piglets via suppressing inflammation and modulating cecal microbial communities","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"2025032108530656700_CIT0049","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101996","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2022.101996","article-title":"The combined impact of xylo-oligosaccharides and gamma-irradiated astragalus polysaccharides on the immune response, antioxidant capacity, and intestinal microbiota composition of broilers","volume":"101","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"2025032108530656700_CIT0048","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.2c05833","article-title":"Eugenol alleviates TGEV-Induced intestinal injury via suppressing ROS\/NLRP3\/GSDMD\u2013dependent pyroptosis","volume":"71","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"2025032108530656700_CIT0052","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-022-00816-x","article-title":"Protocatechuic acid and quercetin attenuate ETEC-caused IPEC-1 cell inflammation and injury associated with inhibition of necroptosis and pyroptosis signaling pathways","volume":"14","author":"Xiao","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"2025032108530656700_CIT0053","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2701","DOI":"10.1039\/c8fo02485e","article-title":"Dietary xylo-oligosaccharide improves intestinal functions in weaned piglets","volume":"10","author":"Yin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"2025032108530656700_CIT0054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15195","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.1c06029","article-title":"Dietary chito-oligosaccharides improve intestinal immunity via regulating microbiota and Th17\/Treg balance-related immune signaling in piglets challenged by enterotoxigenic E. coli","volume":"69","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"2025032108530656700_CIT0055","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-021-00507-5","article-title":"Pyroptosis: mechanisms and diseases","volume":"6","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Signal. Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"2025032108530656700_CIT0056","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e4435","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.4435","article-title":"Effects of xylo-oligosaccharide and flavomycin on the immune function of broiler chickens","volume":"6","author":"Yuan","year":"2018","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"2025032108530656700_CIT0057","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"678355","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.678355","article-title":"The alterations in and the role of the Th17\/Treg balance in metabolic diseases","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"2025032108530656700_CIT0058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1829","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-37459-z","article-title":"Parabacteroides distasonis ameliorates hepatic fibrosis potentially via modulating intestinal bile acid metabolism and hepatocyte pyroptosis in male mice","volume":"14","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2025032108530656700_CIT0059","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09663","article-title":"A role for mitochondria in NLRP3 inflammasome activation","volume":"469","author":"Zhou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["Journal of Animal Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jas\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jas\/skaf050\/62052982\/skaf050.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jas\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jas\/skaf050\/62052982\/skaf050.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jas\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/jas\/skaf050\/62052982\/skaf050.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,23]],"date-time":"2025-03-23T04:46:50Z","timestamp":1742705210000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jas\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/jas\/skaf050\/8030301"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":61,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jas\/skaf050","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-8812","1525-3163"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-8812","type":"print"},{"value":"1525-3163","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"article-number":"skaf050"}}